{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T20:54:57Z","timestamp":1774558497720,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"name":"Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education","award":["RS-2021-NR060125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2021-NR060125"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2026.3670161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T20:53:40Z","timestamp":1772571220000},"page":"40997-41016","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enhancing Multimodal Facial Expression Recognition with Derived Modality Transformations Using Novel Convolutional Neural Network-Based Models"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7859-6510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Tahir","family":"Naseem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ubaid","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9606-0646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chan-Su","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcci.2020.100203"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2023.2259710"},{"key":"ref3","volume-title":"Emotion Detection and Recognition Market Report 2025","author":"Research Company","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10643-005-0014-6"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3279952"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e38913"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3934\/mbe.2023357"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2016.07.233"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22266\/ijies2024.0229.40"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/1394882"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5121\/csit.2022.120920"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899x\/705\/1\/012031"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICME.2017.8019503"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphy.2024.1387338"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref15","first-page":"3520","article-title":"Hybrid CNN-RF algorithm for facial expression recognition using different datasets","volume":"12","author":"Bhosale","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Intell. Syst. Appl. Eng."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/jcc.2023.1112006"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-022-13117-2"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-35446-4"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-65276-x"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/2689029"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21093046"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-24670-1_36"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/cvpr.2005.177"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v38i9.28874"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1873\/1\/012033"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3934\/mbe.2023042"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2008.4761697"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"1","article-title":"Seeing in the dark: A different approach to night vision face detection with thermal IR images","volume-title":"Proc. CEUR Workshop","author":"Gaurav"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-99998-z"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref30","first-page":"8","article-title":"Decision fusion from visible and infrared images for human emotion detection","volume":"3","author":"Tran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Eng."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2023.3246047"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4623368"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tmm.2010.2060716"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11704-014-2345-1"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/mti4030046"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MLSP.2011.6064564"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-33932-5_25"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2024.3362247"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2024.3462352"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-66823-5_23"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/pdb.prot4986"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/pdb.prot073411"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2021.03.091"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV48630.2021.00357"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tip.2018.2886767"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/6287639\/11323511\/11418925.pdf?arnumber=11418925","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T19:51:31Z","timestamp":1774554691000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11418925\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":45,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2026.3670161","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}