{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T08:03:49Z","timestamp":1773734629325,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":157,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research","award":["PRIN 2022 PNRR P2022RFF9K\u2013FLAIRS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRIN 2022 PNRR P2022RFF9K\u2013FLAIRS"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation)\u2013TRR 196 MARIE within Project C09","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["287022738"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["287022738"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2026.3671479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T21:02:31Z","timestamp":1772830951000},"page":"39073-39093","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Innovative Reconfiguration Technologies for Antenna Systems: A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3194-0308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirko","family":"Magarotto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padua, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0468-1352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-S\u00e1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microwave Engineering and Photonics, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1528-6887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James R.","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, U.K."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6299-3376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio-Daniele","family":"Capobianco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padua, Italy"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-019-0355-6"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.1900411"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2021.3077737"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MAP.2013.6474484"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-021-08555-4"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9020336"},{"key":"ref7","volume-title":"Liquid Crystals Towards Terahertz: Characterisation and Tunable Waveguide Phase Shifters for Millimetre-Wave and Terahertz Beamsteering Antennas"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.91944"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3411142"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2023.3285400"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.201800447"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/58.655193"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/mi14061259"},{"key":"ref14","article-title":"Plasma antennas: Survey of techniques and the current state of the art","author":"Jenn","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPS.2004.826019"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2017.2690311"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1134\/S1064226911100111"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJAP.2021.3069325"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2024.3459072"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2013.2286544"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2019.2894397"},{"key":"ref22","article-title":"Leveraging the use of liquid metal channels to reconfigure antennas\u2019 impedance and radiation performance","author":"Kishore","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2020.3037803"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2018.2823301"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2019.2959879"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2012.2186235"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MILCOM.2017.8170727"},{"issue":"19","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4919605","article-title":"A reconfigurable liquid metal antenna driven by electrochemically controlled capillarity","volume":"117","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2011.2165501"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2016.2551358"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2019.2902651"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/APS.2016.7695943"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2017.2679072"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2017.2773076"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2016.2555941"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2016.2633964"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2012.2189698"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/APUSNCURSINRSM.2018.8608814"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2016.2615568"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2009.2024560"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst10060514"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst8090355"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mmm.2025.3540323"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2021.3091739"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6595\/abb21a"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJAP.2022.3166232"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JMEMS.2014.2381555"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/eucap57121.2023.10133009"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-map.2017.0695"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/gemic.2016.7461576"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.874041"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPS.2020.3023422"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4962225"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2528\/PIERM17110908"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2010.2096387"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2022.3184510"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2022.3167445"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4977952"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EuCAP.2016.7481994"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.1984.1143275"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2018.2827404"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jphot.2017.2700042"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tap.2012.2213232"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s1759078715000367"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tcpmt.2017.2683529"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/lawp.2020.3014715"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tap.2014.2344099"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-01673-0"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tap.2022.3142334"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/lawp.2021.3116661"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2164065"},{"key":"ref72","volume-title":"Press Release: ALCAN and AGC Collaborate to Develop a Transparent Antenna for mmWave 5G Fixed Wireless Access","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3333526"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202402170"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2013.2281221"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-013-9560-8"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-map.2018.5178"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3206548"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2020.3031473"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPS.2019.2906822"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/ac7364"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2020.2972397"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2023.3239165"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0142926"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/APUSNCURSINRSM.2018.8608840"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tap.2023.3283136"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tap.2015.2434421"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tap.2013.2242833"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2022.3155544"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tap.2014.2302844"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tap.2023.3312814"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tap.2021.3125378"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/lawp.2024.3387576"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tap.2024.3354054"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tap.2014.2367491"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/lawp.2021.3051797"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44172-024-00214-3"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2015.2507066"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPS.2022.3149473"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-36332-9"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPS.2022.3215904"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3307774"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2025.3592822"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2025.3577398"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2021.3088265"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3506821"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2018.2851455"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2020.2993310"},{"key":"ref109","first-page":"1","article-title":"Design of polarization reconfigurable antenna using liquid metal","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Symp. Antennas Propag. (ISAP)","author":"Naqvi"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2012.2194645"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2017.2735196"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2014.2387424"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2020.2993110"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2019.2901132"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tap.2008.922174"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/temc.2022.3193995"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/lawp.2023.3309990"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecjb.20173"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1143\/jjap.41.5332"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPS.2016.2629463"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2024.3413545"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPS.2018.2842089"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TEMC.2013.2247403"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6595\/ac4848"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2016.3795"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LMWC.2020.3040795"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2778184"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2019.2950217"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10762-018-0535-x"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mwsym.2017.8059003"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/eumc.2018.8541524"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/eumc.2009.5295928"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeue.2019.06.032"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0963-0252\/21\/1\/013001"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2023.3308160"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2023.3248954"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LMWT.2023.3339200"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2021.3124797"},{"key":"ref140","first-page":"1","article-title":"Liquid-metal-based phase shifter with reconfigurable EBG filling factor","volume-title":"IEEE MTT-S Int. Microw. Symp. Dig.","author":"Dang"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7567\/jjap.53.01ae08"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jmw.2022.3152208"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mwsym.2004.1339190"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/eucap57121.2023.10133014"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2020.2989547"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/aero.2017.7943661"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst11010063"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2019.2939648"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7567\/1347-4065\/aaf282"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3691202"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2942058"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12567-021-00374-4"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201403042"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sdtp.18422"},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JMW.2024.3518772"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2024.3482329"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2025.3580083"},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2023.3324432"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/6287639\/11323511\/11422873.pdf?arnumber=11422873","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T05:46:54Z","timestamp":1773726414000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11422873\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":157,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2026.3671479","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}