{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T21:06:27Z","timestamp":1774904787298,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"name":"U.S. National Institute of Health","award":["R41NS132625"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R41NS132625"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2026.3674053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T19:54:46Z","timestamp":1773431686000},"page":"45558-45570","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Online Charge Balancing With Active Impedance Monitoring in Programmable Stimulator to Extend Electrode Lifetime"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9451-9043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kangni","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7831-2273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangzong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Woeppel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanish Therapeutics, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"X. Tracy","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3066-4898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajkumar","family":"Kubendran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2015.05.002"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001136"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-016982"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.19271"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S19801"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2021.3139996"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2023.09.014","article-title":"Closed-loop brain stimulation","volume":"95","author":"Zrenner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2015.2399374"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2021.3049133"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.04.018"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nec.2018.12.008"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12856"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-015-0375-0"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199810153391603"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.1983.325041"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.1981.324719"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.515733"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2004.10.020","article-title":"Electrical stimulation of excitable tissue: Design of efficacious and safe protocols","volume":"141","author":"Merrill","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1114\/1.262"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.irbm.2019.05.006","article-title":"Microelectrode neuronal activity of the internal Globus pallidus in dystonia correlates with postoperative neuromodulation effects and placement of the stimulation electrode","volume":"40","author":"Klemp\u00ed\u0159","year":"2019","journal-title":"IRBM"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.irbm.2012.01.013","article-title":"NeuroPXI: A real-time multi-electrode array system for recording, processing and stimulation of neural networks and the control of high-resolution neural implants for rehabilitation","volume":"33","author":"Bonnet","year":"2012","journal-title":"IRBM"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/spi.2004.100.3.0254"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2005.00027.x"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bioeng.10.061807.160518"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.irbm.2023.100752","article-title":"A double-needle gold-silver electrodes continuous glucose monitoring device","volume":"44","author":"Ben Ali Hassine","year":"2023","journal-title":"IRBM"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.irbm.2025.100906","article-title":"Production and characterisation of electrospun polymer nanofibres for eventual use in miniaturised biomedical electrode systems","volume":"46","author":"Montalibet","year":"2025","journal-title":"IRBM"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BioCAS58349.2023.10389016"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-00426-z"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199904000-00030"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSII.2024.3365102"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2022.3153282"},{"issue":"15","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10151867","article-title":"IC-based neuro-stimulation environment for arbitrary waveform generation","volume":"10","author":"Kolbl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PRIME61930.2024.10559689"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2021.3087036"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/6287639\/11323511\/11433646.pdf?arnumber=11433646","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T20:08:33Z","timestamp":1774901313000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11433646\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":34,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2026.3674053","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}