{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T06:01:03Z","timestamp":1784700063474,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"name":"Warsaw University of Technology within the research subsidy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2026.3675460","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T19:40:12Z","timestamp":1773862812000},"page":"43171-43184","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Three-Level Interleaved Flying Capacitor DC\u2013DC Converter With Variable DC-Link Control and Alternate 180\u00b0 Phase Shift Modulation"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2054-9821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafal","family":"Kopacz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Control and Industrial Electronics, Warsaw University of Technology","place":["Warsaw, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5845-908X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michal","family":"Harasimczuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bialystok University of Technology","place":["Bialystok, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8857-3505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacek","family":"Rabkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Control and Industrial Electronics, Warsaw University of Technology","place":["Warsaw, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2012.2212917","article-title":"Review of battery charger topologies, charging power levels, and infrastructure for plug-in electric and hybrid vehicles","volume":"28","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.3390\/batteries9020121","article-title":"A review of DC fast chargers with BESS for electric vehicles: Topology, battery, reliability oriented control and cooling perspectives","volume":"9","author":"Polat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Batteries"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1109\/MPEL.2024.3356248","article-title":"Sustainability of power electronics and batteries: A circular economy approach","volume":"11","author":"Sangwongwanich","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Power Electron. Mag."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2011.2108317","article-title":"Design and performance of a bidirectional isolated DC\u2013DC converter for a battery energy storage system","volume":"27","author":"Tan","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"issue":"12","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11706","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2019.2908130","article-title":"A family of three-port three-level converter based on asymmetrical bidirectional half-bridge topology for fuel cell electric vehicle applications","volume":"34","author":"Moradisizkoohi","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1109\/JESTPE.2015.2445735","article-title":"DC-bus voltage range extension in 1500 V photovoltaic inverters","volume":"3","author":"Serban","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Electron."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1109\/MELE.2016.2644560","article-title":"Power up with 800-V systems: The benefits of upgrading voltage power for battery-electric passenger vehicles","volume":"5","author":"Jung","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Electrific. Mag."},{"issue":"5","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6252","DOI":"10.1109\/JESTPE.2022.3175950","article-title":"DC\/DC stage contribution to bus voltage in 1000- and 1500-V grid-connected solar inverters","volume":"10","author":"Stevanovic","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Electron."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1109\/MPEL.2024.3352241","article-title":"Wide bandgap power to electrify our world for a sustainable future","volume":"11","author":"Schiro","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Power Electron. Mag."},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"1","article-title":"Three-level neutral point clamped inverter interface for flow battery\/supercapacitor energy storage system used for microgrids","volume-title":"Proc. 2nd IEEE PES Int. Conf. Exhib. Innov. Smart Grid Technol.","author":"Vechiu"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en14175580"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"677","article-title":"Comparison of two and three-level DC\u2013AC converters for a 100 kW battery energy storage system","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE 29th Int. Symp. Ind. Electron. (ISIE)","author":"Stecca"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2016.06.033","article-title":"The effects of high frequency current ripple on electric vehicle battery performance","volume":"178","author":"Uddin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"557","article-title":"High efficiency power factor correction using interleaving techniques","volume-title":"Proc. 7th Annu. Appl. Power Electron. Conf. Expo.","author":"Miwa"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2839","DOI":"10.1109\/TTE.2022.3224069","article-title":"DC-link current minimization scheme for IM drive system fed by bidirectional DC chopper-based CSI","volume":"9","author":"Miao","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Transport. Electrific."},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"852","article-title":"Analysis and minimization of the input current ripple of interleaved boost converter","volume-title":"Proc. 27th Annu. IEEE Appl. Power Electron. Conf. Expo. (APEC)","author":"Zhang"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/icp.2022.1090"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2174","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2015.2433675","article-title":"Three-port DC\/DC converter with all ports current ripple cancellation using integrated magnetic technique","volume":"31","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2015.2398572","article-title":"Coupled inductors in interleaved multiphase three-level DC\u2013DC converter for high-power applications","volume":"31","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3390\/technologies11010021","article-title":"Floating interleaved boost converter with zero-ripple input current using variable inductor","volume":"11","author":"Hidalgo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Technologies"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9694","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2024.3396293","article-title":"Common-leg coupled inductor configuration in a three-level interleaved DC\u2013DC medium voltage SiC-based converter","volume":"39","author":"Harasimczuk","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1109\/JESTPE.2015.2496146","article-title":"A passive filter building block for input or output current ripple cancellation in a power converter","volume":"4","author":"Nag","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Electron."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2557","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2021.3065624","article-title":"Ripple-free input current flyback converter using a simple passive circuit","volume":"69","author":"Sarani","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"issue":"11","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9969","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2019.2956392","article-title":"Enhanced parallel hybrid converter with DC ripple minimization control","volume":"67","author":"Patro","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4214","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2020.2986178","article-title":"Current ripple optimization of four-phase floating interleaved DC\u2013DC boost converter under switch fault","volume":"56","author":"Zhuo","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"issue":"12","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14770","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2022.3194979","article-title":"Ripple-free multiphase interleaved stacked converter for high-power applications","volume":"37","author":"Alharbi","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"issue":"12","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7202","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2015.2393812","article-title":"Ripple minimization through harmonic elimination in asymmetric interleaved multiphase DC\u2013DC converters","volume":"30","author":"Schuck","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3411","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2023.3339699","article-title":"Ripple minimization in asymmetric interleaved DC\u2013DC converters using neural networks","volume":"39","author":"Alemdar","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"issue":"6","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6102","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2019.2934082","article-title":"An output ripple-free fast charger for electric vehicles based on grid-tied modular three-phase interleaved converters","volume":"55","author":"Drobnic","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"issue":"11","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6041","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2014.2311399","article-title":"Maximum efficiency point tracking technique for LLC-based PEV chargers through variable DC link control","volume":"61","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"issue":"11","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8408","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2018.2807364","article-title":"Maximum efficiency tracking of an integrated two-staged AC\u2013DC converter using variable DC-link voltage","volume":"65","author":"Mallik","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4120","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2023.3267770","article-title":"Active control of variable DC-link for maximum efficiency of traction motor drives","volume":"59","author":"Pescetto","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3186","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2023.3347076","article-title":"Design of double-LCC-compensated wireless PMSM system with variable DC-link voltage considering efficiency optimization and dynamic improvement","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1109\/TTE.2017.2755772","article-title":"Variable DC-link control loop design for an integrated two-stage AC\/DC converter","volume":"4","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Transport. Electrific."},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"1","article-title":"A variable DC link voltage in on-board battery chargers for electric vehicle charging application","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Power Electron., Drives Energy Syst. (PEDES)","author":"Praneeth"},{"key":"ref36","volume-title":"Investigation of Ripple Minimization in Asymmetric Interleaved Boost Converters for Vehicle- Integrated Photovoltaics (VIPV) Applications","author":"Alemdar","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"1135","article-title":"Loss balancing in three-level voltage source inverters applying active NPC switches","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE 32nd Annu. Power Electron. Specialists Conf.","volume":"2","author":"Bruckner"},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"397","article-title":"Multi-level conversion: High voltage choppers and voltage-source inverters","volume-title":"Proc. PESC \u201992 Record. 23rd Annu. IEEE Power Electron. Specialists Conf.","author":"Meynard"},{"key":"ref39","first-page":"1","article-title":"Multiphase interleaved DC\u2013DC converter for fast charging application of electric vehicles","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE 16th Int. Conf. Compat., Power Electron., Power Eng. (CPE-POWERENG)","author":"Gupta"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"1","article-title":"Three-level ANPC converter as an input stage of an EV charging system with bipolar DC link","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Exhib. Conf. Power Electron., Intell. Motion, Renew. Energy Energy Manage.","author":"Harasimczuk"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ECCE.2019.8912999"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/6287639\/11323511\/11441345.pdf?arnumber=11441345","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T05:03:19Z","timestamp":1784696599000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11441345\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":41,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2026.3675460","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}