{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T20:04:33Z","timestamp":1780085073763,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2026.3695395","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T19:53:40Z","timestamp":1779306820000},"page":"77944-77957","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Improving Rock Detection Accuracy by Using Vision-Language Models With Textual\u2013Visual Prompt Alignment"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9130-5533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Carletti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Electrical Engineering and Applied Mathematics (DIEM), University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5495-2432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Greco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Electrical Engineering and Applied Mathematics (DIEM), University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4687-7994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessia","family":"Saggese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Electrical Engineering and Applied Mathematics (DIEM), University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1828-4367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camilla","family":"Spingola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Electrical Engineering and Applied Mathematics (DIEM), University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7687-4929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Vento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology (DIETI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2025.3536024"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2024.3412170"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.3043193"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCAS.2015.7364811"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2010.2052101"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3066714"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"57","article-title":"Railway level crossing obstruction detection using MIMO radar","volume-title":"Proc. 8th Eur. Radar Conf.","author":"Hari Narayanan"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RTSI61910.2024.10761238"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-025-04987-z"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.1986.4767851"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/361237.361242"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/STSIVA.2012.6340602"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CISP.2015.7408003"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICARCV.2010.5707923"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WCICA.2016.7578298"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2016.7533104"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCST.2012.6393573"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CASE59546.2024.10711489"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2024.109543"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.91"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/make5040083"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.01079"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.01599"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.322"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2019.2956516"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12051256"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2019.8917091"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-58462-7_4"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3749635"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2883704"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2945633"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-021-01515-2"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app13010662"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-022-12059-z"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cja.2020.02.024","article-title":"Multi-block SSD based on small object detection for UAV railway scene surveillance","volume":"33","author":"Yundong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Aeronaut."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRAE59816.2023.10458449"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.2983825"},{"key":"ref38","article-title":"Perception encoder: The best visual embeddings are not at the output of the network","author":"Bolya","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2504.13181"},{"key":"ref39","first-page":"8748","article-title":"Learning transferable visual models from natural language supervision","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","author":"Radford"},{"key":"ref40","article-title":"Parameter-efficient fine-tuning for foundation models","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2501.13787"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.findings-emnlp.109"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2025.acl-long.1293"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-023-01891-x"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"3","article-title":"LoRA: Low-rank adaptation of large language models","volume-title":"Proc. ICLR","author":"Hu"},{"key":"ref45","article-title":"DoRA: Weight-decomposed low-rank adaptation","volume-title":"Proc. 41st Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","author":"Liu"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-022-01653-1"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.01631"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-19827-4_41"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s25061736"},{"key":"ref50","article-title":"Exploring visual prompts for adapting large-scale models","author":"Bahng","year":"2022","journal-title":"arXiv:2203.17274"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3721291"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.01832"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.01435"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-032-05060-1_17"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2019.00161"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24574-4_28"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-88223-4_19"},{"key":"ref58","article-title":"Demystifying clip data","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2309.16671"},{"key":"ref59","article-title":"Large batch optimization for deep learning: Training BERT in 76 minutes","author":"You","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv:1904.00962"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2023.127063"},{"key":"ref61","article-title":"FRSign: A large-scale traffic light dataset for autonomous trains","author":"Harb","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv:2002.05665"},{"key":"ref62","article-title":"SigLIP 2: Multilingual vision-language encoders with improved semantic understanding, localization, and dense features","author":"Tschannen","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2502.14786"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-58452-8_13"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2024.3496813"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3247162"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2024.3485083"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/6287639\/11323511\/11527177.pdf?arnumber=11527177","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T19:57:07Z","timestamp":1780084627000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11527177\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":66,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2026.3695395","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}