{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T06:06:39Z","timestamp":1784181999156,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Ministry for Digital Transformation and Civil Service through the UNICO I+D Program","award":["UNICO IPCEI-2023-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UNICO IPCEI-2023-003"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2013NextGenerationEU through the Recovery and Resilience Facility"},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities","award":["PID2024-156378OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2024-156378OB-I00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2026.3710579","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T19:50:52Z","timestamp":1783367452000},"page":"104171-104187","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Layered Architecture for AI Factories"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9723-8100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Moreno-Vozmediano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Inform&#x00E1;tica (Computer Science School), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7899-1321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Inform&#x00E1;tica (Computer Science School), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2227-2491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Huedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Inform&#x00E1;tica (Computer Science School), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2591-1719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rub\u00e9n S.","family":"Montero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Inform&#x00E1;tica (Computer Science School), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ignacio M.","family":"Llorente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"OpenNebula Systems, Pozuelo de Alarc&#x00F3;n (Madrid), Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"AI factories: It\u2019s time to rethink the cloud-HPC divide","author":"Garcia Lopez","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2509.12849"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCSE.2024.3382154"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CANOPIE-HPC56864.2022.00011"},{"key":"ref4","volume-title":"OpenNebula AI Factory Reference Architecture, OpenNebula Systems","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"1","article-title":"To virtualize or not to virtualize AI infrastructure: A perspective","volume-title":"Proc. Workshop Hot Topics Syst. Infrastructure (HotInfra)","author":"Seelam"},{"key":"ref6","volume-title":"The European Union\u2019s AI Factories: Lessons for Public Investment in AI Infrastructure in Europe","author":"Lemke","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/nlp.2025.10007"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-40843-4_14"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACROSET66531.2025.11280934"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3777884.3796983"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/eScience65000.2025.00059"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3774902.3776632"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.70828\/HHSO7621","volume-title":"CNCF Annual Cloud Native Survey: The Infrastructure of AI\u2019s Future","author":"Lawson","year":"2026"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5220\/0011980800003488"},{"key":"ref15","volume-title":"IPCEI-CIS","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2024.3353855"},{"key":"ref17","volume-title":"Cloud Native Infrastructure: Patterns for Scalable Infrastructure and Applications in a Dynamic Environment","author":"Garrison","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b22395"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3736583"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3407947.3407977"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICITEICS64870.2025.11341039"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-43943-8_1"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IPDPS57955.2024.00021"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SC41406.2024.00077"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3725789.3725792"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"135","article-title":"Usability evaluation of cloud for HPC applications","volume-title":"Proc. SC Workshops Int. Conf. High Perform. Comput., Netw., Storage Anal.","author":"Sochat"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2025.108125"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SC41406.2024.00038"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3731599.3767352"},{"key":"ref30","volume-title":"About SUNK. Slurm on Kubernetes: Highly-scalable Cluster Resource Management and Job Scheduling for Training Workloads","year":"2026"},{"key":"ref31","volume-title":"Project Slinky: Bringing Slurm Scheduling to Kubernetes","author":"Atreya","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref32","volume-title":"Exploring Slurm on Kubernetes","author":"Tripp","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-23220-6_24"},{"key":"ref34","article-title":"A review on proprietary accelerators for large language models","author":"Park","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2503.09650"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2025.3554728"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MM.2025.3552324"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/fi17120537"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3676641.3716280"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PMBS56514.2022.00007"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2025.107944"},{"key":"ref41","article-title":"An online fragmentation-aware GPU scheduler for multi-tenant MIG-based clouds","author":"Zambianco","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2511.18906"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-026-08312-z"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HCS61935.2024.10665178"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3651890.3672233"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CLUSTER59342.2025.11186471"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2020.3035761"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2025.108207"},{"key":"ref48","volume-title":"NVIDIA Spectrum-X Ethernet Network Platform Architecture: The First Ethernet Network Designed To Accelerate AI Workloads","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22364\/bjmc.2025.13.1.10"},{"key":"ref50","volume-title":"Data Management Services and Storage","author":"Johansson","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app11188540"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/fi16030103"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2628194.2628195"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-023-04098-4"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3729214"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s24175551"},{"key":"ref57","volume-title":"Optimizing Infrastructure At Scale With AI-Powered OneDRS","author":"Mancini","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref58","volume-title":"Karpenter: Kubernetes Node Provisioner","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3620666.3651329"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/ntw2.12138"},{"key":"ref61","volume-title":"Learning Ray","author":"Pumperla","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3493649.3493654"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCC-DSS-SmartCity-DependSys57074.2022.00068"},{"key":"ref64","first-page":"151","article-title":"An elastic job scheduler for HPC applications on the cloud","volume-title":"Proc. Workshops Int. Conf. High Perform. Comput., Netw., Storage Anal. (SC Workshops)","author":"Bhosale"},{"key":"ref65","volume-title":"NVIDIA Open Sources Run: AI Scheduler To Foster Community Collaboration","author":"Dar","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-032-06671-8_21"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/ISC.2024.10528939"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3803798"},{"key":"ref69","volume-title":"Lemonade By AMD: A Unified API for Local AI Developers","year":"2026"},{"key":"ref70","volume-title":"OpenNebula Scalability Testing","year":"2026"},{"key":"ref71","first-page":"845","article-title":"Protean: VM allocation service at scale","volume-title":"Proc. 14th USENIX Symp. Operating Syst. Design Implement.","author":"Hadary"},{"key":"ref72","volume-title":"IPCEI-CIS Reference Architecture, Version 2.0","year":"2026"},{"key":"ref73","volume-title":"Virt8ra, the IPCEI-CIS Software Stack for Virtualization","year":"2026"},{"key":"ref74","volume-title":"Europe\u2019s First Federated AI Factory","year":"2026"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-40843-4_9"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CLOUD.2014.90"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5220\/0006680603760383"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SuperCompCloud51944.2020.00008"},{"key":"ref79","volume-title":"The Wizards Behind the Curtain: Broadcom, NVIDIA, and Dell Power the Magic of Virtualized ML\/AI and Deliver Near or Better Than Bare Metal Performance, As Shown With MLPerf Inference 4.0","author":"Kurkure","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref80","volume-title":"Nebius Proves Bare-Metal-Class Performance for AI Inference Workloads in MLPerf Inference V5.1","author":"Kuyukov","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref81","volume-title":"Virtualizing NVIDIA GB200 NVL4: Zero Performance Overhead With PCI Passthrough","author":"Montero","year":"2026"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parco.2024.103082"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3638757"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2025.105138"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3673038.3673089"},{"key":"ref86","first-page":"1003","article-title":"Efficient performance-aware GPU sharing with compatibility and isolation through kernel space interception","volume-title":"Proc. 2025 USENIX Annu. Tech. Conf.","author":"Zhang"},{"key":"ref87","first-page":"501","article-title":"Confidential computing within an AI accelerator","volume-title":"Proc. USENIX Annu. Tech. Conf. (USENIX ATC)","author":"Vaswani"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/6287639\/11323511\/11595829.pdf?arnumber=11595829","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T05:22:53Z","timestamp":1784179373000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11595829\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":87,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2026.3710579","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}