{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T05:26:52Z","timestamp":1787117212415,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":154,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2026.3718163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T19:04:59Z","timestamp":1785438299000},"page":"123050-123078","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Comprehensive Review of Topology Development, Control Strategies, and Optimization Approaches for Traction Inverters in Rail Transportation Systems"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9093-265X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umran","family":"Bakar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Y\u0131ld\u0131z Technical University, Esenler","place":["Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"],"department":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alisan","family":"Sarimaden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MEDEL Muhendislik ve Elektronik A.S., Tuzla","place":["Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali Niyazi","family":"Sarimaden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MEDEL Muhendislik ve Elektronik A.S., Tuzla","place":["Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1238-0034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Husna","family":"Yildiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"METRO \u0130STANBUL A.\u015e., Esenler","place":["Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Furkan","family":"Karakus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"METRO \u0130STANBUL A.\u015e., Esenler","place":["Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8587-5185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Revna","family":"Acar Vural","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Y\u0131ld\u0131z Technical University, Esenler","place":["Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"],"department":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en15093187"},{"key":"ref2","volume-title":"Rail, IEA Data and Statistics","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2022.10.411"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1541\/ieejjia.9.92"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1541\/ieejjia.9.453"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.a2200285"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2024.3425487"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40534-023-00320-6"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31590\/ejosat.571167"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/els2.12054"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en13092151"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40864-025-00254-8"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/iecon58223.2025.11221818"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tpel.2021.3137083"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12928\/telkomnika.v21i6.24369"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-pel.2018.5854"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tpel.2015.2475398"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"197","article-title":"Comprehensive modelling of the cost effectiveness of railway line electrification","volume-title":"Proc. 26th Seminarium Zastosowanie Komputer\u00f3w w Nauce i Technice","author":"Tomczyk"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/epe23ecceeurope58414.2023.10264506"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37367\/jrtt.v4i1.59"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/sym17071010"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en14144156"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en13195035"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/apec43580.2023.10131644"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref25","first-page":"776","article-title":"Development of high-efficiency drive system with all-SiC inverter and high-efficiency 8-pole PMSM","volume":"69","author":"Ogawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hitachi Rev."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/cieec60922.2024.10583345"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/pel2.12280"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tie.2021.3059544"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tpel.2020.2995698"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ojies.2021.3054666"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18178\/joace.4.3.233-241"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11591\/ijpeds.v12.i3.pp1609-1619"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tte.2023.3333379"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00051144.2024.2348915"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app142210562"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en18102613"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11591\/eei.v11i4.3964"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2021.3065743"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48084\/etasr.4776"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/ijpt.2023.10054774"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en14185773"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ojpel.2021.3063550"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/cjee.2017.8250419"},{"issue":"S7","key":"ref44","first-page":"2515","article-title":"Model predictive control of permanent magnet synchronous round motor for heavy-duty vehicles","volume":"32","author":"Polater","year":"2025","journal-title":"TPM"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tie.2021.3114695"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/act12090355"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tits.2015.2447507"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/vppc49601.2020.9330858"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tia.2020.2968414"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csite.2023.103248"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tte.2020.3006778"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2023.10.056"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2021.3056612"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2022.3141542"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20998\/2074-272x.2026.3.09"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-31165-4_23"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en13030700"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en15072374"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/sym14010150"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43236-019-00008-3"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/asi5060106"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5455\/jjee.204-1582627568"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/icoecs52783.2021.9657434"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2021.3110736"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/wevj15120563"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e09265"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2024.07.095"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en17112660"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tpel.2020.2981914"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref70","first-page":"629","article-title":"Integrated sliding mode and direct torque controls improving transient traction in high-speed trains","volume":"27","author":"Ahmadian","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vib. Control"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11591\/ijpeds.v11.i2.pp641-650"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en11010120"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ecce.2019.8913082"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/pel2.12294"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tie.2021.3114716"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2024.05.049"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3311\/ppee.16672"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matcom.2018.06.003"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18196\/jrc.v3i1.12550"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jas.2022.105851"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tte.2020.3012352"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en16093689"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11648\/j.jeee.s.2015030201.30"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tte.2021.3053256"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3311\/ppee.41104"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matcom.2019.09.006"},{"key":"ref87","article-title":"Deep reinforcement learning aided direct torque control for induction motor based on pulse width modulation and speed controller","author":"Suresh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Res. Square"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18479\/ijeedc\/2015\/v3i8\/48350"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref89","first-page":"41","article-title":"Fuzzy logic-based vector control of permanent magnet synchronous motor using stacked matrix converter for railway traction applications","volume":"4","author":"Khosravi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Railway Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref90","first-page":"8891","article-title":"Artificial intelligence-enhanced field oriented control for optimized speed control of BLDC traction motors in railway","volume":"11","author":"Pribadi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eng. Technol. J."},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11113\/jt.v78.8888"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/icoa.2018.8370512"},{"issue":"13","key":"ref93","first-page":"9","article-title":"Field oriented control of three phase induction motor based on fractional order PI-controller using particle swarm optimization technique","volume":"11","author":"Humod","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Natural Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref94","article-title":"Adaptive AI-assisted model predictive current control for PMSM drives in electric vehicles with robustness enhancement and real-time feasibility analysis","author":"Ha","year":"2026","journal-title":"Res. Square"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.30521\/jes.727975","article-title":"Speed control of permanent magnet synchronous motor using neural network model predictive control","volume":"4","author":"Venkatesan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Energy Syst."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref96","first-page":"17","article-title":"AI-enhanced model predictive control for energy-efficient permanent magnet synchronous motor drives in electric vehicles","volume":"1","author":"Mishra","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. J. Electr. Drives Control Syst."},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3311\/ppee.37217"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app15115874"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tpel.2020.3003159"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/wevj14060157"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.03.121"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en12152925"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17509\/ijost.v7i1.41716"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tia.2019.2928492"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tpel.2018.2846618"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tia.2016.2533607"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref107","first-page":"852","article-title":"Comparison of different discontinuous PWM technique for switching losses reduction in modular multilevel converters","volume":"12","author":"Shah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Energy Power Eng."},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics14132695"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref109","first-page":"101","article-title":"Carrier based PWM techniques for multi-level inverters: A comprehensive performance study","volume":"5","author":"Mahato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gazi Univ. J. Sci. A, Eng. Innov."},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18100\/ijamec.569660"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.35940\/ijeat.a1449.029320"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12928\/telkomnika.v18i1.12440"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jestpe.2022.3186927"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tpel.2015.2429595"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en15114065"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tpel.2020.2994599"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/pel2.12019"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2019.105638"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2022.3222082"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-epa.2020.0106"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17775\/cseejpes.2021.03450"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en17061356"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2023.3234918"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26418\/jp.v7i1.40892"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tia.2022.3174828"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su14010310"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-80923-z"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24295\/cpsstpea.2019.00022"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref129","first-page":"99","article-title":"Analysis and comparison of SVPWM and SPWM methods used for indirect rotor flux-oriented control of EV applications","volume":"104","author":"Astereki","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Power Technol."},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/pead-2023-0023"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.54097\/wj3r4t22"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.11591\/ijeecs.v37.i1.pp680-688","article-title":"Comparative analysis of different types of pulse width modulation techniques for multilevel inverters","volume":"37","author":"Palanisamy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Indonesian J. Electr. Eng. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en12061092"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su151612204"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics13245036"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fenrg.2022.994629"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2022.112286"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIT48603.2022.10002816"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en15082891"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2024.107626"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tte.2025.3535715"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tte.2024.3393510"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2018.03.023"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2023.04.023"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9776845"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/icpsasia58343.2023.10294587"},{"key":"ref147","article-title":"Optimizing energy efficiency in metro systems under uncertainty disturbances using reinforcement learning","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2304.13443"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tits.2023.3271129"},{"key":"ref149","volume-title":"Global Railway Traction Inverter Market-Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth Trends, and Forecast","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref150","volume-title":"Railway Traction Inverter Market Forecast 2025-2035","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref151","volume-title":"Railway Traction Inverter Market-Growth, Future Prospects, and Competitive Analysis","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref152","volume-title":"UNIFE-The European Rail Supply Industry Association, World Rail Market Study","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref153","volume-title":"Railway Traction Converter Market Size Report","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref154","volume-title":"Allied Market Research, Railway Traction Inverter Market Analysis, Trends, Industry Forecast 2020\u20132027","year":"2020"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/6287639\/11323511\/11630602.pdf?arnumber=11630602","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T05:03:04Z","timestamp":1787115784000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11630602\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":154,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2026.3718163","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}