{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T07:25:03Z","timestamp":1767338703751,"version":"3.28.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"IEEE","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698105600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698105600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/bcca58897.2023.10338868","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]],"date-time":"2023-12-11T19:51:48Z","timestamp":1702324308000},"page":"315-328","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["SoK: Essentials of BFT Consensus for Blockchains"],"prefix":"10.1109","author":[{"given":"Gang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Emerson Automation Solutions"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Nixon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emerson Automation Solutions"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3318041.3355457"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/258533.258650"},{"key":"ref3","article-title":"Blockchains consensus protocols in the wild","author":"Cachin","year":"2017","journal-title":"arXiv preprint"},{"issue":"1999","key":"ref4","first-page":"173","article-title":"Practical byzantine fault tolerance","volume":"99","author":"Castro","year":"1999","journal-title":"OSDI"},{"key":"ref5","article-title":"Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system","author":"Nakamoto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Manubot, Tech. Rep."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3436728"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DSN.2015.38"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"Impossibility of distributed consensus with one fault process","author":"Fischer","year":"1982","journal-title":"YALE UNIV NEW HAVEN CT DEPT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, Tech. Rep."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00446-002-0081-5"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"485","article-title":"{XFT}: Practical fault tolerance beyond crashes","volume-title":"12th {USENIX} Sympo-sium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation ({OSDI} 16)","author":"Liu","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/inco.1995.1060"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/62546.62549"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/0212045"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1755913.1755950"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/571637.571640"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJCCBS.2011.041257"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3284764.3284767"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3318041.3355458"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-39028-4_9"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/357172.357176"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/322186.322188"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2402.322398"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EDCC.2012.32"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/359545.359563"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/98163.98167"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HOTICN.2018.8606021"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.09.023"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3335772.3335939"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3149.214121"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/sfcs.1989.63511"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119519621.ch2"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/7531.7533"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/Blockchain53845.2021.00029"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-812282-2.00007-3"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"537","article-title":"Sok: Applying blockchain technology in industrial internet of things","volume":"2021","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch."},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"776","article-title":"Sok: Exploring blockchains interoperability","volume":"2021","year":"2021","journal-title":"IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3582882"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3492323.3495577"},{"key":"ref39","article-title":"Blockchain consensuses algorithms: A survey","author":"Ferdous","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv preprint"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-40186-3_13"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc1548"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/comst.2005.1610546"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3243734.3243853"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11561927_40"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-92221-6_4"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3975(98)00241-2"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/42282.42283"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2020.2969706"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SFCS.2001.959888"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-70697-9_14"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0890-5401(90)90014-9"},{"key":"ref52","article-title":"Blockchain consensus protocols in the wild","author":"Cachin","year":"2017","journal-title":"arXiv preprint"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/279227.279229"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref54","first-page":"18","article-title":"Paxos made simple","volume":"32","author":"Lamport","year":"2001","journal-title":"ACM Sigact News"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref55","article-title":"Zookeeper: Wait-free coordination for internet-scale systems","volume-title":"USENIX annual technical conference","volume":"8","author":"Hunt"},{"key":"ref56","first-page":"305","article-title":"In search of an understandable con-sensus algorithm","volume-title":"2014 {USENIX} Annual Technical Conference ({USENIX}{ATC} 14)","author":"Ongaro"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/comjnl\/46.1.16"},{"key":"ref58","article-title":"The case for byzantine fault detection","author":"Haeberlen","year":"2006","journal-title":"HotDep"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2886780"},{"key":"ref60","first-page":"237","article-title":"All about eve: Execute-verify replication for multi-core servers","volume-title":"10th {USENIX} Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation({OSDI} 12)","author":"Kapritsos"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DSN.2018.00019"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DSN.2019.00063"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2658994"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DSN-W.2018.00053"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2010.70"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2814576.2814800"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HPDC.1997.626423"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/945445.945470"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1629575.1629602"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SRDS.2007.25"},{"key":"ref71","article-title":"Spare: Replicas on hold","author":"Distler","year":"2011","journal-title":"NDSS"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1966445.1966457"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00607-018-0652-3"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1966445.1966455"},{"key":"ref75","first-page":"87","article-title":"Resource-efficient","volume-title":"2018 14th European Dependable Computing Conference (EDCC)","author":"Habiger"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DSN.2004.1311928"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1294261.1294267"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/859716.859718"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SRDS47363.2019.00026"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2009.83"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1323293.1294279"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1711475.1711494"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1753171.1753191"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42786-018-00002-6"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nem.2060"},{"key":"ref86","article-title":"An analysis of attacks on blockchain consensus","author":"Bissias","year":"2016","journal-title":"arXiv preprint"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app9091788"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3035918.3064033"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2017.2781227"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2976749.2978341"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/Blockchain50366.2020.00037"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJWGS.2018.095647"},{"key":"ref93","article-title":"The mini-blockchain scheme","author":"Bruce","year":"2014","journal-title":"White paper"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/Blockchain.2019.00030"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2660267.2660379"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-45472-5_30"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-66399-9_9"},{"key":"ref98","article-title":"Coinjoin: Bitcoin privacy for the real world","author":"Maxwell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Post on Bitcoin forum"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-11212-1_20"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3366625.3369437"},{"issue":"123","key":"ref101","article-title":"The blockchain consensus layer and bft","volume":"3","author":"Abraham","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bulletin of EATCS"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2976749.2978389"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-44920-8_4"}],"event":{"name":"2023 Fifth International Conference on Blockchain Computing and Applications (BCCA)","start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]]},"location":"Kuwait, Kuwait","end":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]]}},"container-title":["2023 Fifth International Conference on Blockchain Computing and Applications (BCCA)"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/10338825\/10338826\/10338868.pdf?arnumber=10338868","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]],"date-time":"2023-12-19T23:49:19Z","timestamp":1703029759000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/10338868\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]]},"references-count":103,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/bcca58897.2023.10338868","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]]}}}