{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T21:53:06Z","timestamp":1770846786928,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"IEEE","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765756800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765756800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/bibm66473.2025.11356719","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T21:19:40Z","timestamp":1769721580000},"page":"7324-7331","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["PFL-MD: A Privacy-Preserving Federated Learning Framework for Melanoma Diagnosis with Multiple Party Fully Homomorphic Encryption"],"prefix":"10.1109","author":[{"given":"Liangxi","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Northeastern University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yifan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeastern University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jihe","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Software and Microelectronics, Peking University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengyao","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zegui","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeastern University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yijun","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information and Artificial Intelligence Institute, Zhejiang University of Finance &#x0026; Economics, Dongfang College"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, National University of Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"Federated optimization: Distributed optimization beyond the datacenter","volume-title":"ArXiv","volume":"abs\/1511.03575","author":"Konecn\u00fd","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"Federated learning of deep networks using model averaging","volume-title":"ArXiv","volume":"abs\/1602.05629","author":"McMahan","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref3","article-title":"Communication-efficient learning of deep networks from decentralized data","volume-title":"International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics","author":"McMahan","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"Federated learning: Strategies for improving communication efficiency","volume-title":"ArXiv","volume":"abs\/1610.05492","author":"Konecn\u00fd","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3429252","article-title":"Decentralised learning in federated deployment environments","volume":"54","author":"Bellavista","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Federated learning on the road autonomous controller design for connected and autonomous vehicles","volume":"PP","author":"Zeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA48506.2021.9561612","article-title":"Distributed dynamic map fusion via federated learning for intelligent networked vehicles","volume-title":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)","author":"Zhang","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/3383455.3422562","article-title":"Differentially private secure multi-party computation for federated learning in financial applications","volume-title":"Proceedings of the First ACM International Conference on AI in Finance","author":"Byrd","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34055","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3443267","article-title":"Hybrid federated learning for multimodal iot systems","volume":"11","author":"Peng","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20378","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2024.3450726","article-title":"A secure personalized federated learning algorithm for autonomous driving","volume":"25","author":"Fu","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s41666-020-00082-4","article-title":"Federated learning for healthcare informatics","volume":"5","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Healthcare Informatics Research"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2024.101481","article-title":"Federated machine learning in healthcare: A systematic review on clinical applications and technical architecture","volume":"5","author":"Teo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Reports Medicine"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103497","article-title":"From challenges and pitfalls to recommendations and opportunities: Implementing federated learning in healthcare","volume":"101","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medical image analysis"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcsup.2013.07.012","article-title":"Melanoma epidemiology, biology and prognosis","volume":"11","author":"Ali","year":"2013","journal-title":"European Journal of Cancer Supplements"},{"issue":"22","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5788","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13225788","article-title":"Melanoma immunotherapy and precision medicine in the era of tumor micro-tissue engineering: where are we now and where are we going?","volume":"13","author":"Varrone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2022.0160","article-title":"Global burden of cutaneous melanoma in 2020 and projections to 2040","volume":"158","author":"Arnold","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA dermatology"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2009.23.4799"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-022-01692-w"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-023-02585-2"},{"key":"ref20","article-title":"A novel dataset for nuclei segmentation in melanoma histopathology","volume-title":"Medical Imaging with Deep Learning","author":"Schuiveling","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44222-023-00135-4"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-82402-x","article-title":"Minimal sourced and lightweight federated transfer learning models for skin cancer detection","volume":"15","author":"Khullar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2025.108576","article-title":"Federated learning for melanoma detection: A decentralized and privacy-preserving approach using deep learning","volume":"112","author":"Din","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process. Control."},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"3","article-title":"Membership inference attacks against machine learning models","volume-title":"2017 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP)","author":"Shokri","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref25","article-title":"idlg: Improved deep leakage from gradients","volume-title":"ArXiv","volume":"abs\/2001.02610","author":"Zhao","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-5906-5_752"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2020.2988575"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12083-019-00869-2"},{"key":"ref29","article-title":"Uldpfl: Federated learning with across silo user-level differential privacy","author":"Kato","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv preprint"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3589287"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3133956.3133982"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3372297.3417885"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3012480"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2017.2787987"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-70694-8_15","article-title":"Homomorphic encryption for arithmetic of approximate numbers","volume-title":"International Conference on the Theory and Application of Cryptology and Information Security","author":"Cheon","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tdsc.2020.3005909"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14722\/ndss.2021.24351"},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"1895","article-title":"Evaluating differentially private machine learning in practice","volume-title":"28th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 19)","author":"Jayaraman","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3433638"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3547139"},{"key":"ref41","article-title":"Byzantine-robust and privacy-preserving federated learning with irregular participants","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4574","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2021.3108434","article-title":"Privacy-enhanced federated learning against poisoning adversaries","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2022.3169918","article-title":"Shieldfl: Mitigating model poisoning attacks in privacy-preserving federated learning","volume":"17","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2022.3221899"},{"key":"ref45","article-title":"Aegisfl: Efficient and flexible privacy-preserving byzantine-robust cross-silo federated learning","volume-title":"International Conference on Machine Learning","author":"Chen","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6703","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2022.3212627","article-title":"Enhanced security and privacy via fragmented federated learning","volume":"35","author":"Jebreel","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tbdata.2022.3190835"},{"key":"ref48","article-title":"Federated optimization in heterogeneous networks","volume-title":"arXiv: Learning","author":"Sahu","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref49","article-title":"Scaffold: Stochastic controlled averaging for federated learning","volume-title":"International Conference on Machine Learning","author":"Karimireddy","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2023.3322743","article-title":"A bayesian federated learning framework with online laplace approximation","volume":"46","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"ref51","article-title":"Tackling the objective inconsistency problem in heterogeneous federated optimization","volume-title":"Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"Wang","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1109\/TSC.2019.2897554","article-title":"Demystifying membership inference attacks in machine learning as a service","volume":"14","author":"Truex","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Services Computing"},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"1","article-title":"Membership inference attacks on machine learning: A survey","volume":"54","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)"},{"key":"ref54","first-page":"3826","article-title":"A survey of homomorphic encryption for outsourced big data computation","volume":"10","author":"Fun","year":"2016","journal-title":"KSII Trans. Internet Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3214303","article-title":"A survey on homomorphic encryption schemes","volume":"51","author":"Acar","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/e24040519","article-title":"Towards secure big data analysis via fully homomorphic encryption algorithms","volume":"24","author":"Hamza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-48910-X_16","article-title":"Public-key cryptosystems based on composite degree residuosity classes","volume-title":"International Conference on the Theory and Application of Cryptographic Techniques","author":"Paillier","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref58","first-page":"474","article-title":"Fully homomorphic encryption without bootstrapping","volume":"2015","author":"Yagisawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch."},{"key":"ref59","first-page":"144","article-title":"Somewhat practical fully homomorphic encryption","volume":"2012","author":"Fan","year":"2012","journal-title":"IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch."},{"key":"ref60","first-page":"43:1","article-title":"On ideal lattices and learning with errors over rings","volume":"60","author":"Lyubashevsky","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. ACM"},{"key":"ref61","first-page":"138","article-title":"A practical key exchange for the internet using lattice cryptography","volume":"2015","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch."},{"key":"ref62","first-page":"339","article-title":"Efficient software implementation of ring-lwe encryption","volume-title":"2015 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition (DATE)","author":"De Clercq","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref63","author":"Research","year":"2021","journal-title":"Helib: An open-source library implementing homomorphic encryption (bgv scheme)"},{"key":"ref64","volume-title":"Tenseal: A library for homomorphic encryption on tensors using microsoft seal","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref65","author":"SA","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lattigo: Go-based library for homomorphic encryption (bfv, bgv, ckks)"},{"key":"ref66","volume-title":"Openfhe: Open-source fully homomorphic encryption library","author":"Community","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref67","first-page":"94","article-title":"On-the-fly multiparty computation on the cloud via multikey fully homomorphic encryption","volume":"2013","author":"L\u00f3pez-Alt","year":"2012","journal-title":"IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch."},{"key":"ref68","first-page":"613","article-title":"Multiparty computation with low communication, computation and interaction via threshold fhe","volume":"2011","author":"Asharov","year":"2012","journal-title":"IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch."},{"key":"ref69","first-page":"304","article-title":"Multiparty homomorphic encryption: From theory to practice","volume":"2020","author":"Mouchet","year":"2020","journal-title":"IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch."},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-34621-8_16","article-title":"Multi-key homomorphic encryption from tfhe","volume-title":"International Conference on the Theory and Application of Cryptology and Information Security","author":"Chen","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/3319535.3363207","article-title":"Efficient multi-key homomorphic encryption with packed ciphertexts with application to oblivious neural network inference","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","author":"Chen","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref72","article-title":"Poseidon: Privacy-preserving federated neural network learning","volume-title":"ArXiv","volume":"abs\/2009.00349","author":"Sav","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07366981.2023.2301832"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/iThings-GreenCom-CPSCom-SmartData-Cybermatics60724.2023.00099"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.58190\/imiens.2024.101"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW54120.2021.00076"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2019.2891049"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-018-6734-6"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15072179"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISBI53787.2023.10230474"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2021.05.026"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2023.102275"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-024-00793-2"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/C2I659362.2023.10430697"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW63382.2024.00520"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/3560905.3568531","article-title":"Primask: Cascadable and collusion-resilient data masking for mobile cloud inference","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 20th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems","author":"Jiang","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3460120.3484533"},{"key":"ref88","first-page":"291","article-title":"Multiparty homomorphic encryption from ring-learning-with-errors","volume-title":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","volume":"2021","author":"Mouchet","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref89","article-title":"New directions in cryptography","volume-title":"Democratizing Cryptography","author":"Diffie","year":"1976"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1145\/359460.359473","article-title":"Secure communications over insecure channels","volume":"21","author":"Merkle","year":"1978","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"ref91","first-page":"168","article-title":"Skin lesion analysis toward melanoma detection: A challenge at the 2017 international symposium on biomedical imaging (isbi), hosted by the international skin imaging collaboration (isic)","volume-title":"2018 IEEE 15th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI 2018)","author":"Gutman","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref92","article-title":"Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition","volume":"abs\/1409.1556","author":"Simonyan","year":"2014","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.90"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2010.11929"},{"key":"ref95","article-title":"Adam: A method for stochastic optimization","volume-title":"CoRR","volume":"abs\/1412.6980","author":"Kingma","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref96","article-title":"Fedlpa: One-shot federated learning with layer-wise posterior aggregation","volume-title":"Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"Liu","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref97","article-title":"Fusefl: One-shot federated learning through the lens of causality with progressive model fusion","volume-title":"Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"Tang","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/3664647.3680715","article-title":"One-shot-but-not-degraded federated learning","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 32nd ACM International Conference on Multimedia","author":"Zeng","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref99","article-title":"Does one-shot give the best shot? mitigating model inconsistency in one-shot federated learning","volume-title":"Forty-second International Conference on Machine Learning","author":"Zeng"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2025\/1174","article-title":"One-shot federated learning methods: A practical guide","volume-title":"International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","author":"Liu","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1145\/3387107","article-title":"Federated learning for privacy-preserving ai","volume":"63","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"ref102","article-title":"Federated transformer: Multiparty vertical federated learning on practical fuzzily linked data","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"Wu","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref103","volume-title":"Gpt-4 technical report","author":"Achiam","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref104","article-title":"Deepseek-r1: Incentivizing reasoning capability in 11 ms via reinforcement learning","volume":"abs\/2501.12948","author":"DeepSeek- AI","year":"2025","journal-title":"ArXiv"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BHI62660.2024.10913581"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.3048375"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PRML62565.2024.10779856"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EIECS63941.2024.10800533"},{"key":"ref109","author":"Lab","year":"2023","journal-title":"cufhe: Gpu-accelerated fully homomorphic encryption library"},{"key":"ref110","author":"\u00d6zcan","year":"2023","journal-title":"He_gpu: Homomorphic encryption on gpu"}],"event":{"name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM)","location":"Wuhan, China","start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"end":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]}},"container-title":["2025 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM)"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/11355913\/11355975\/11356719.pdf?arnumber=11356719","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T20:54:21Z","timestamp":1770843261000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11356719\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"references-count":110,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/bibm66473.2025.11356719","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]}}}