{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T02:02:33Z","timestamp":1760061753421,"version":"3.28.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"IEEE","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/bigdata.2018.8621951","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,24]],"date-time":"2019-01-24T22:07:18Z","timestamp":1548367638000},"page":"4443-4452","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Fake News: A Method to Measure Distance from Fact"],"prefix":"10.1109","author":[{"given":"Char","family":"Sample","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Connie","family":"Justice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Darraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1541931215591067"},{"article-title":"The Russian Firehouse of Falsehood Propaganda Model","year":"2018","author":"paul","key":"ref38"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00377996.2017.1343790"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/jams.2001.54.2.303"},{"journal-title":"Cultures and Organizations","year":"2010","author":"hofstede","key":"ref31"},{"journal-title":"The Geography of Thought How Asians and Westerners Think Differentlyand Why","year":"2010","author":"nisbett","key":"ref30"},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"113","article-title":"Information Operations: The use of weaponized information in the 2016 US presidential election","author":"darraj","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proceedings of fthe 16th European Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security"},{"journal-title":"War and the Media Propaganda and persuasion in the Gulf War 1992","year":"0","author":"taylor","key":"ref36"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"14","article-title":"The art of political lying","author":"swift","year":"1710","journal-title":"The Examiner"},{"key":"ref34","article-title":"The Influence Of Music On Memorization Performance Of Mathematics Students","volume":"1","author":"yuhaniz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc of the ICEC"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"141","article-title":"Comparping the killing fields:Rwanda, Cambodia, and Bosnia. Genocide: Cases, Comparisons and Contemporary Debates","author":"lemarchand","year":"2003"},{"journal-title":"Media and the Rawanda genocide","year":"2007","author":"thompson","key":"ref27"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-62938-4_3"},{"year":"2017","key":"ref2"},{"journal-title":"Oxford Dictionaries","year":"2017","key":"ref1"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"342","article-title":"A Cultural Exploration of Social Media Manipulators","author":"sample","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 17th European Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security"},{"article-title":"Propaganda and Persuasion, 5th Edition. Chapter 2 – “Propaganda Through the Ages.","year":"2011","author":"jowett","key":"ref22"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013134"},{"journal-title":"Munitions of the Mind A History of Propaganda from the Ancient World to the Present Day","year":"2003","author":"taylor","key":"ref24"},{"key":"ref23","article-title":"Propaganda and the ethics of persuasion","author":"marlin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Book Propaganda and the Ethics of Persuasion"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/265536"},{"journal-title":"Struggle for Power By Any Means","year":"2016","author":"hinklemann","key":"ref25"},{"key":"ref50","article-title":"Why Twitter’s mission statement matters","author":"fox","year":"2014","journal-title":"Harvard Business Review"},{"article-title":"Role of peer effects in social protest. Evidence from the Arab spring","year":"2017","author":"parent","key":"ref51"},{"year":"0","key":"ref58"},{"article-title":"Blockchain technology: what is it good for?","year":"0","author":"ammous","key":"ref57"},{"key":"ref56","first-page":"316","article-title":"Why and Where: A Characterization of Data Provenance","author":"buneman","year":"0","journal-title":"International Conference on Database Theory"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcc4.12013"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aap9559"},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"149","article-title":"Data fidelity in the post-truth era: Network Data","author":"delucia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RCIS.2017.7956552"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03071847.2018.1445169"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"Russia’s Approach to Cyber Warfare","author":"connel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Center Naval Anal"},{"key":"ref40","article-title":"This Just In: Fake News Packs a Lot in Title, Uses Simpler, Repetitive Content in Text Body, More Similar to Satire than Real News","author":"horne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"109","article-title":"What Was The Trojan Horse Made Of?: Interpreting Virgil’s Aeneid","author":"hexter","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ASONAM.2018.8508646"},{"key":"ref14","article-title":"The data that turned the world upside down","volume":"28","author":"grassegger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vice Motherboard"},{"article-title":"Excerbating our fake news problem: Chatbots","year":"2018","author":"rosenblatt","key":"ref15"},{"article-title":"A brief history of propaganda during conflict: Lessons for counter-terrorism strategic communications, 2016","year":"0","author":"ingram","key":"ref16"},{"year":"0","key":"ref17"},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"The menace of unreality: How the Kremlin weaponizes information, culture and money","volume":"22","author":"pomerantsev","year":"2014","journal-title":"interpreter"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"The “Hybrid Warefare” Ontology","volume":"26","author":"volodymyr","year":"2016"},{"article-title":"The Fake News Machine: How Propagandists Abuse the Internet and Manipulate the Public","year":"2017","author":"gu","key":"ref4"},{"journal-title":"Creating fear news and the construction of crisis","year":"2017","author":"altheide","key":"ref3"},{"key":"ref6","article-title":"News use across social media platforms 2016","author":"gottfried","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pew Research Center Journalism & Media"},{"journal-title":"Cambridge Dictionary","year":"0","key":"ref5"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"Should ‘RUNet2020’ be taken seriously? Contradictory views about Cybersecurity between Russia and the West","author":"ristolainen","year":"2017","journal-title":"ECCWS conference proceedings"},{"year":"2018","key":"ref7"},{"year":"0","key":"ref49"},{"key":"ref9","article-title":"Obama tried to give Zuckerberg a wake-up call over fake news on Facebook","author":"entous","year":"2017","journal-title":"Washington Post"},{"key":"ref46","article-title":"The Emmanuel Macron email hack warns us fake news is an ever-evolvong beast","author":"burgess","year":"0","journal-title":"Wired"},{"article-title":"Partisanship, propaganda, and disinformation: Online media and the 2016 US presidential election","year":"2017","author":"faris","key":"ref45"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2815595"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.256"},{"year":"0","key":"ref42"},{"year":"0","key":"ref41"},{"year":"0","key":"ref44"},{"year":"0","key":"ref43"}],"event":{"name":"2018 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data)","start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,10]]},"location":"Seattle, WA, USA","end":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,13]]}},"container-title":["2018 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data)"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/8610059\/8621858\/08621951.pdf?arnumber=8621951","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]],"date-time":"2022-01-26T17:50:50Z","timestamp":1643219450000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8621951\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"references-count":58,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/bigdata.2018.8621951","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}}}