{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T02:00:05Z","timestamp":1782525605514,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"IEEE","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]],"date-time":"2020-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]],"date-time":"2020-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607558400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]],"date-time":"2020-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607558400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/bigdata50022.2020.9377956","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]],"date-time":"2021-03-19T21:10:21Z","timestamp":1616188221000},"page":"748-757","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["The Role of the Crowd in Countering Misinformation: A Case Study of the COVID-19 Infodemic"],"prefix":"10.1109","author":[{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Micallef","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Srijan","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustaque","family":"Ahamad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasir","family":"Memon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164403260197"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.nlpcovid19-2.11","article-title":"Detecting covid-19 misinformation on social media","author":"hossain","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref33","article-title":"Covid-19 on social media: Analyzing misinformation in twitter conversations","author":"sharma","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.7255"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73510-5"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3340531.3412048"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/19273"},{"key":"ref36","article-title":"Characterizing covid-19 misinformation communities using a novel twitter dataset","author":"memon","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref35","article-title":"Fighting the covid-19 infodemic: Modeling the perspective of journalists, fact-checkers, social media platforms, policy makers, and the society","author":"alam","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref34","article-title":"Disinformation and misinformation on twitter during the novel coronavirus outbreak","author":"huang","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"Do the right thing: tone may not affect correction of misinformation on social media","author":"bode","year":"2020","journal-title":"Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Rev"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.osnem.2017.07.001"},{"key":"ref29","article-title":"Investigating ”who\" in the crowdsourcing of news credibility","author":"bhuiyan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Computational Journalism Symposium"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1964858.1964869"},{"key":"ref1","year":"2020","journal-title":"Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aap9559"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2019.1573295"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1075547017731776"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2872427.2883085"},{"key":"ref23","article-title":"Drink bleach or do what now? covid-hera: A dataset for risk-informed health decision making in the presence of covid19 misinformation","author":"dharawat","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-26148-5_32"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3321484"},{"key":"ref50","article-title":"Politeness strategies in twitter updates of female english language studies malaysian undergraduates","volume":"23","author":"maros","year":"2017","journal-title":"3L Language Linguistics Literature"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511813085"},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"2001","article-title":"Linguistic inquiry and word count: Liwc 2001","volume":"71","author":"pennebaker","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mahway Lawrence Erlbaum Associates"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3274351"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0812"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1532673X16686555"},{"key":"ref40","article-title":"Towards detecting rumours in social media","author":"zubiaga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Workshops at the Twenty-Ninth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"ref12","article-title":"An exploratory study of covid-19 misinformation on twitter","author":"shahi","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao2998"},{"key":"ref14","article-title":"False information on web and social media: A survey","author":"kumar","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref15","article-title":"Types, sources, and claims of covid-19 misinformation","volume":"7","author":"brennen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reuters Institute"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v34i01.5389"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3219819.3219903"},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"Detecting covid-19 misinformation on social media","author":"young","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v8i1.14559","article-title":"Rumor cascades","author":"friggeri","year":"2014","journal-title":"International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13278-014-0206-4"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1753326.1753486"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g6178"},{"key":"ref5","article-title":"Rumors, false flags, and digital vigilantes: Misinformation on twitter after the 2013 boston marathon bombing","author":"starbird","year":"2014","journal-title":"IConf 2014 Proc"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.02.027"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/publichealth.7157"},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"2507","article-title":"Sentiment aware fake news detection on online social networks","author":"ajao","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing"},{"key":"ref9","year":"2020","journal-title":"Coronavirus ‘Murder threats‘ to telecoms engineers over 5G"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0196087"},{"key":"ref45","article-title":"Neutral bots reveal political bias on social media","author":"chen","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.sigdial-1.8","article-title":"Convokit: A toolkit for the analysis of conversations","author":"chang","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.37016\/mr-2020-033","article-title":"Exposure to social engagement metrics increases vulnerability to misinformation","author":"avram","year":"2020","journal-title":"Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Rev"},{"key":"ref42","article-title":"Bert: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding","author":"devlin","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"1589","article-title":"Rumor has it: Identifying misinformation in microblogs","author":"qazvinian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2008.05.015"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1162"}],"event":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data)","location":"Atlanta, GA, USA","start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]]},"end":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,13]]}},"container-title":["2020 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data)"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/9377717\/9377728\/09377956.pdf?arnumber=9377956","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T11:43:37Z","timestamp":1724672617000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9377956\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]]},"references-count":53,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/bigdata50022.2020.9377956","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]]}}}