{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T01:39:28Z","timestamp":1772933968164,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"IEEE","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765152000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765152000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/bigdata66926.2025.11402548","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T20:57:57Z","timestamp":1772830677000},"page":"786-795","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["LAET: A Layer-Wise Adaptive Ensemble Tuning Framework for Pretrained Language Models"],"prefix":"10.1109","author":[{"given":"Jawad Ibn","family":"Ahad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"RobotBulls Labs,Artificial Intelligence Department,Geneva,Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Rafsan","family":"Kabir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RobotBulls Labs,Artificial Intelligence Department,Geneva,Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Krambroeckers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RobotBulls Labs,Artificial Intelligence Department,Geneva,Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Sifat","family":"Momen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North South University,Machine Intelligence Lab (MILab),Dhaka,Bangladesh"}]},{"given":"Nabeel","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North South University,Machine Intelligence Lab (MILab),Dhaka,Bangladesh"}]},{"given":"Shafin","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North South University,Machine Intelligence Lab (MILab),Dhaka,Bangladesh"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","author":"Araci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Finbert: Financial sentiment analysis with pretrained language models"},{"key":"ref2","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"The wall street neophyte: A zero-shot analysis of chatgpt over multimodal stock movement prediction challenges"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"4123","article-title":"Select and trade: Towards unified pair trading with hierarchical reinforcement learning","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 29th ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining","author":"Han","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4412788"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"1877","article-title":"Language models are few-shot learners","volume":"33","author":"Brown","year":"2020","journal-title":"Advances in neural information processing systems"},{"key":"ref6","author":"Bubeck","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sparks of artificial general intelligence: Early experiments with gpt-4"},{"key":"ref7","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Finbert: A pretrained language model for financial communications"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.emnlp-main.148"},{"key":"ref9","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bloomberggpt: A large language model for finance"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4489826"},{"key":"ref11","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pixiu: A large language model, instruction data and evaluation benchmark for finance"},{"key":"ref12","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"The finben: An holistic financial benchmark for large language models"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3637528.3671554"},{"key":"ref14","author":"Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exploring concept depth: How large language models acquire knowledge at different layers?"},{"key":"ref15","volume-title":"The unreasonable ineffectiveness of the deeper layers, 2024","author":"Gromov"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2024\/566"},{"key":"ref17","author":"Abdin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phi-3 technical report: A highly capable language model locally on your phone"},{"key":"ref18","author":"Team","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gemma: Open models based on gemini research and technology"},{"key":"ref19","author":"Dubey","year":"2024","journal-title":"The llama 3 herd of models"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BigData55660.2022.10020720"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.findings-emnlp.68"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.emnlp-main.751"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"arXiv","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Opening the black box of large language models: Two views on holistic interpretability"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2025.findings-acl.1035"},{"key":"ref25","author":"Alain","year":"2016","journal-title":"Understanding intermediate layers using linear classifier probes"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"2790","article-title":"Parameter-efficient transfer learning for nlp","volume-title":"International conference on machine learning. PMLR","author":"Houlsby","year":"2019"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref27","first-page":"3","article-title":"Lora: Low-rank adaptation of large language models","volume":"1","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"ICLR"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"Dora: Weight-decomposed low-rank adaptation","volume-title":"Forty-first International Conference on Machine Learning","author":"Liu","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref29","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adalora: Adaptive budget allocation for parameter-efficient fine-tuning"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.23062"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3184558.3192301"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/S17-2089"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1377"},{"key":"ref34","author":"Nguyen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Abcd team at finances 2023: An unified generative framework for the financial targeted sentiment analysis in spanish"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-73103-8_41"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.acl-long.368"},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"242","article-title":"Finegrained argument understanding with bert ensemble techniques: A deep dive into financial sentiment analysis","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 35th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing (ROCLING 2023)","author":"Sy","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.findings-eacl.66"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.coling-main.541"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P18-1183"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3269206.3269290"},{"key":"ref42","author":"Hofmann","journal-title":"Statlog (german credit data). uci machine learning repository (1994)"},{"key":"ref43","first-page":"C59012","article-title":"Statlog (australian credit approval)","volume":"10","author":"Quinlan","year":"1987","journal-title":"UCI Machine Learning Repository"},{"key":"ref44","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Empowering many, biasing a few: Generalist credit scoring through large language models"},{"key":"ref45","author":"Achiam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gpt-4 technical report"},{"key":"ref46","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Deepseek-v3 technical report"},{"key":"ref47","author":"Hui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Qwen2. 5-coder technical report"},{"key":"ref48","author":"Hendrycks","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aligning ai with shared human values"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSS.2021.3122439"}],"event":{"name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (BigData)","location":"Macau, China","start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]]},"end":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]]}},"container-title":["2025 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (BigData)"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/11400704\/11400712\/11402548.pdf?arnumber=11402548","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T06:56:29Z","timestamp":1772866589000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11402548\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]]},"references-count":49,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/bigdata66926.2025.11402548","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]]}}}