{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T15:13:48Z","timestamp":1777043628633,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":159,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]],"date-time":"2015-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Plan for Science, Technology and Innovation (MAARIFAH)"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004919","name":"King Abdul-Aziz City for Science and Technology, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["09-INF883-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["09-INF883-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004919","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/comst.2015.2459015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,28]],"date-time":"2015-07-28T14:33:52Z","timestamp":1438094032000},"page":"2271-2295","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["A Comprehensive Study of Email Spam Botnet Detection"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Wazir Zada","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Khurram","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fahad T.","family":"Bin Muhaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Y.","family":"Aalsalem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Han-Chieh","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","first-page":"10","article-title":"The heisenbot uncertainty problem: Challenges in separating bots from chaff","author":"kanich","year":"0","journal-title":"Proceedings of USENIX Workshop on LEET"},{"key":"ref38","author":"vuong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Advanced Methods for Botnet Intrusion Detection Systems"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-03700-9_22"},{"key":"ref32","article-title":"Exploiting transport-level characteristics of spam","author":"beverly","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc 5th CEAS"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.C1300242"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2013.091213.00134"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1028788.1028837"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"34","article-title":"An efficient two-phase spam filtering method based on e-mails categorization","volume":"9","author":"sheu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Netw Security"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2008.03.002"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WiCom.2008.1139"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"Advances in data mining knowledge discovery and applications","author":"alparslan","year":"2012","journal-title":"BotNet Detection Enhancing Analysis by Using Data Mining Techniques"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"1","article-title":"A study on botnet detection techniques","volume":"2","author":"nair","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Sci Res Pub"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TrustCom.2011.11"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SECURWARE.2009.48"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/692654"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"1","article-title":"A survey of botnet: Consequences, defenses and challenges","author":"shin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proceedings Internet Security Workshop"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"1","article-title":"Detection and prevention methods of botnet-generated spam","author":"al-bataineh","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc MIT Spam Conf"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CATCH.2009.40"},{"key":"ref101","first-page":"271","article-title":"Autograph: Toward automated, distributed worm signature detection","volume":"13","author":"kim","year":"0","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 13th USENIX"},{"key":"ref26","author":"stringhini","year":"2011","journal-title":"The spammer the botmaster and the researcher On the arms race in spamming botnet mitigation-major area exam"},{"key":"ref100","article-title":"Spam statistics","year":"0"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"10","article-title":"A wide scale survey on botnet","volume":"34","author":"tyagi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Comput Appl"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2379690.2379699"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2009.5199083"},{"key":"ref154","article-title":"Introducing the web spam corpus: Using email spam to identify web spam automatically","author":"webb","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc 3rd CEAS"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.is.2010.11.003"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diin.2015.01.006","article-title":"Spam campaign detection, analysis, and investigation","volume":"12","author":"son","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of digital investigation"},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2684793.2684803"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2089125.2089129"},{"key":"ref152","article-title":"Just what we need: Malware to slave your android to a botnet","author":"fogarty","year":"0"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2207243.2207252"},{"key":"ref146","first-page":"1","article-title":"Festi botnet analysis and investigation","author":"matrosov","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc 15th AVAR Conf"},{"key":"ref147","year":"0","journal-title":"Kelihos Botnet"},{"key":"ref148","year":"0","journal-title":"Grum botnet"},{"key":"ref149","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spamhaus"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1177080.1177086"},{"key":"ref58","first-page":"39","article-title":"The zombie roundup: Understanding, detecting, and disrupting botnets","author":"cooke","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc of SRUTI Workshop"},{"key":"ref57","first-page":"1","article-title":"On the arms race around botnets–Setting up and taking down botnets","author":"czosseck","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc 3rd ICCC"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4304\/jnw.5.1.98-105"},{"key":"ref55","first-page":"7","article-title":"Leveraging honest users: Stealth command-and-control of botnets","author":"m\u00f3nica","year":"0","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 7th USENIX"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2011.49"},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"163","article-title":"Detecting spamming activities by network monitoring with bloom filters","author":"lin","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc 15th ICA"},{"key":"ref52","first-page":"7","article-title":"Detection of spam hosts and spam bots using network flow traffic modeling","author":"ehrlich","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc of 3rd USENIX LEET"},{"key":"ref40","year":"2011","journal-title":"March 2011 Intelligence Report Symantec Report 2011"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"Spam corpus creation for TREC","author":"cormack","year":"0","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd CEAS"},{"key":"ref3","article-title":"Post Office Protocol—Version 3","author":"myers","year":"1996","journal-title":"STD 53 RFC 1939"},{"key":"ref6","article-title":"Internet message access protocol—Version 4rev1","author":"crispin","year":"1996","journal-title":"RFC 2060"},{"key":"ref5","year":"0","journal-title":"“When was the first spam email sent? What did it advertise?"},{"key":"ref159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2331791.2331796"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-00975-4_23"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1555349.1555352"},{"key":"ref7","year":"0","journal-title":"Email Metrics Program Report #15—First Second and Third Quarter 2011"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSREW.2014.32"},{"key":"ref158","first-page":"847","article-title":"Finding botnets using minimal graph clusterings","author":"haider","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc 29th Int Conf Mach Learn"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"3","article-title":"A distributed content independent method for spam detection","author":"brodsky","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc 1st Workshop HotBots Understand"},{"key":"ref46","first-page":"1","article-title":"Lightweight detection of spamming botnets","author":"takesue","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc 5th Int Conf Emerging SECURWARE Inf Syst Technol"},{"key":"ref45","article-title":"Understanding large-scale spamming botnets from internet edge sites","author":"mori","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc 7th Int Annu CEAS Conf"},{"key":"ref48","first-page":"321","article-title":"BotGraph: Large scale spamming botnet detection","author":"zhao","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc 6th USENIX Symp NSDI"},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"342","article-title":"Filtering spam with behavioral blacklisting","author":"ramachandran","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc 14th ACM CCS"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1402958.1402979"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"49","article-title":"Revealing botnet membership using DNSBL counter-intelligence","volume":"2","author":"ramachandran","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc 2nd USENIX SRUTI"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCNC.2009.4784781"},{"key":"ref43","first-page":"2","article-title":"Characterizing botnets from email spam records","author":"zhuang","year":"0","journal-title":"Proceedings of USENIX Workshop on LEET"},{"key":"ref127","year":"0","journal-title":"Storm e-card malware keeps on coming"},{"key":"ref126","first-page":"25","article-title":"Breaking the loop: Leveraging botnet feedback for spam mitigation","author":"stringhini","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc 7th Annu GSWC"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2590296.2590302"},{"key":"ref124","year":"0","journal-title":"Technical brief understanding botnets and their security challenges"},{"key":"ref73","first-page":"1","article-title":"Botnet judo: Fighting spam with itself","author":"pitsillidis","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc 17th Annu NDSS"},{"key":"ref72","first-page":"1","article-title":"Proactive botnet countermeasures–An offensive approach","author":"leder","year":"0","journal-title":"Proceedings of the CCDC"},{"key":"ref129","author":"decker","year":"2009","journal-title":"A study of the Pushdo\/Cutwail Botnet"},{"key":"ref71","author":"krebs","year":"2010","journal-title":"Researchers kneecap pushdo spam botnet"},{"key":"ref128","year":"0","journal-title":"9 million e-card spam mails pushed out in 48 hours"},{"key":"ref70","author":"cranton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cracking down on botnets"},{"key":"ref76","first-page":"16","article-title":"B@bel: Leveraging email delivery for spam mitigation","author":"stringhini","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc 21st USENIX Security Symp"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EC2ND.2009.10"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-23644-0_13"},{"key":"ref74","first-page":"28","article-title":"BotMagnifier: Locating spambots on the Internet","author":"stringhini","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc 20th USENIX Conf SEC"},{"key":"ref75","first-page":"291","article-title":"Studying spamming botnets using botlab","author":"john","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc 6th ACM\/USENIX Symp NSDI"},{"key":"ref133","first-page":"10","article-title":"A case study of the rustock rootkit and spam bot","author":"chiang","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc 1st Workshop HotBots Understand"},{"key":"ref134","author":"boscovich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Taking down botnets Microsoft and the Rustock botnet"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MALWARE.2009.5403015"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1159913.1159947"},{"key":"ref132","first-page":"1","article-title":"Tumbling down the rabbit hole: Exploring the idiosyncrasies of botmaster systems in a multi-tier botnet infrastructure","author":"nunnery","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc of 3rd USENIX LEET"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCEE.2009.151"},{"key":"ref136","first-page":"11","article-title":"Andbot: Towards advanced mobile botnets","author":"xiang","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc of 4th USENIX LEET"},{"key":"ref135","first-page":"57","article-title":"Mobile botnet detection using network forensics","volume":"6369","author":"vural","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc 3rd FIS"},{"key":"ref138","first-page":"750","article-title":"Combating mobile spam through botnet detection using artificial immune systems","volume":"8","author":"vural","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Univ Comput Sci"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IMIS.2013.32"},{"key":"ref60","first-page":"1","article-title":"Measurements and mitigation of peer-to-peer-based botnets: A case study on storm worm","author":"holz","year":"0","journal-title":"Proceedings of USENIX Workshop on LEET"},{"key":"ref139","article-title":"Zombie detection & prevention","year":"0","journal-title":"The anti-spam & email security platform"},{"key":"ref62","author":"zhuge","year":"2007","journal-title":"Characterizing the irc-based botnet phenomenon"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2030376.2030395"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1180405.1180428"},{"key":"ref64","first-page":"1","article-title":"On the spam campaign trail","author":"kreibich","year":"0","journal-title":"USENIX Workshop on Large-scale Exploits and Emergent Threats"},{"key":"ref140","article-title":"Botnets: The new threat landscape","year":"0","journal-title":"Cisco white paper"},{"key":"ref65","first-page":"2","article-title":"Insights from the inside: A view of botnet management from infiltration","author":"cho","year":"0","journal-title":"Proceedings of USENIX Workshop on LEET"},{"key":"ref141","article-title":"PineApp outbound spam guard","year":"0","journal-title":"An Anti-Botnet Solution"},{"key":"ref66","first-page":"4","article-title":"Spamcraft: An inside look at spam campaign orchestration","author":"kreibich","year":"0","journal-title":"Proceedings of USENIX Workshop on LEET"},{"key":"ref142","year":"0","journal-title":"Botnet detection on symantec web gateway (SWG)"},{"key":"ref67","first-page":"4","article-title":"The underground economy of spam: A botmaster's perspective of coordinating large-scale spam campaigns","author":"stone-gross","year":"0","journal-title":"Proceedings of USENIX Workshop on LEET"},{"key":"ref143","author":"pimanova","year":"0","journal-title":"Email spam trend at a glance"},{"key":"ref68","author":"mushtaq","year":"2009","journal-title":"Smashing the Mega-d\/Ozdok botnet in 24 hours"},{"key":"ref144","volume":"19","year":"2014","journal-title":"Symantec Corporation Internet Security Threat Report 2014"},{"key":"ref2","author":"loshin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Essential Email Standards RFCs and Protocols Made"},{"key":"ref69","first-page":"5","article-title":"Takedowns: The shuns and stuns that take the fight to the enemy","author":"krebs","year":"2010","journal-title":"McAfee Security J"},{"key":"ref145","volume":"18","year":"2013","journal-title":"Symantec Corporation Internet Security Threat Report 2013"},{"key":"ref1","article-title":"Sender authentication what to do","author":"wong","year":"0","journal-title":"A Messaging Anti-Abuse Working Group Whitepaper"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1367497.1367565"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2014.05.016"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IITSI.2010.40"},{"key":"ref94","author":"boscovich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Taking down botnets Microsoft and the Rustock botnet"},{"key":"ref107","volume":"16","author":"fossi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Symantec Internet Security Threat Report Trends for 2010"},{"key":"ref93","year":"2009","journal-title":"Festi botnet spins up to become one of the main spamming botnets"},{"key":"ref106","author":"white","year":"2009","journal-title":"A sublexical unit based hash model approach for spam detection"},{"key":"ref92","year":"0","journal-title":"IT security & network security news & reviews The rise and fall of the Srizbi botnet"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CIT.2007.90"},{"key":"ref91","year":"2010","journal-title":"The kraken botnet returns"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1621890.1621893"},{"key":"ref90","year":"2008","journal-title":"“Srizbi botnet sending over 60 billion spams a day"},{"key":"ref103","first-page":"32","article-title":"Hamsa: Fast signature generation for zero-day polymorphic worm with provable attack resilience","author":"li","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc s of the IEEE"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2005.15"},{"key":"ref111","first-page":"1","article-title":"Filtering image spam with near-duplicate detection","author":"wang","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc 4th CEAS"},{"key":"ref112","first-page":"2","article-title":"Image spam filtering content obscuring detection","author":"biggio","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc 4th CEAS"},{"key":"ref110","first-page":"487","article-title":"Learning fast classifiers for image spam","author":"dredze","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc 74th CEAS"},{"key":"ref98","year":"0","journal-title":"Grum botnet"},{"key":"ref99","year":"0","journal-title":"Mcafee Threats Report Fourth Quarter 2012"},{"key":"ref96","year":"0","journal-title":"How kaspersky lab and crowd strike dismantled the second Hlux\/Kelihos botnet Success story"},{"key":"ref97","first-page":"38","article-title":"Towards proactive spam filtering","volume":"5587","author":"g\u00f6bel","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc 6th Int Conf DIMVA"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"1","article-title":"Peer-to-peer botnets: Overview and case study","author":"grizzard","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc 1st Workshop HotBots Understand"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"Open problems in BGP anomaly detection","author":"feamster","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc WISP ISMA"},{"key":"ref12","author":"yuce","year":"2012","journal-title":"A Literature Survey about Recent Botnet Trends"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICICIC.2009.127"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2012.07.021"},{"key":"ref15","author":"ianelli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Botnets as a Vehicle for Online Crime"},{"key":"ref118","first-page":"111","article-title":"Army of botnets","author":"vogt","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc 14th Annu NDSS"},{"key":"ref16","author":"bacher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Know Your Enemy Tracking Botnets (Using Honeynets to Learn More about Bots)"},{"key":"ref82","year":"0","journal-title":"“The history of the botnet—Part II"},{"key":"ref117","author":"selinger","year":"2011","journal-title":"A new AV-test study Dangerous spam E-mails spam-more dangerous than ever before"},{"key":"ref17","author":"puri","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bots & Botnet An Overview"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1455770.1455774"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCN.2009.5235360"},{"key":"ref84","year":"0","journal-title":"Top spam botnets exposed"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2008.35"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMPSAC.2008.205"},{"key":"ref83","year":"0","journal-title":"“Bagle (computer worm)"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FUTURETECH.2010.5482767"},{"key":"ref113","first-page":"1","article-title":"Image spam filtering using textual and visual information","author":"fumera","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc MIT Spam Conf"},{"key":"ref116","first-page":"334","article-title":"Detecting image spam using image texture features","volume":"2","author":"al-duwairi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Inf Security Res"},{"key":"ref80","first-page":"1","article-title":"Router-level spam filtering using TCP fingerprints: Architecture and measurement-based evaluation","author":"esquivel","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc of 6th CEAS"},{"key":"ref115","first-page":"1","article-title":"Combining visual and textual features filtering spam emails","author":"gargiulo","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc 19th ICPR"},{"key":"ref120","year":"0","journal-title":"Washington Post"},{"key":"ref89","year":"0","journal-title":"Srizbi botnet"},{"key":"ref121","first-page":"1","article-title":"BOT-CLOUDS, the future of cloud-based botnets?","author":"clark","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc 1st Int Conf CL"},{"key":"ref122","first-page":"21","article-title":"Botnets: Detection, measurement, disinfection & defence","author":"plohmann","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc ENISA"},{"key":"ref123","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref85","year":"0","journal-title":"Rustock botnet"},{"key":"ref86","author":"royal","year":"2008","journal-title":"On the Kraken and Bobax Botnets"},{"key":"ref87","year":"0","journal-title":"Botnets and spam development"},{"key":"ref88","year":"0","journal-title":"Storm botnet"}],"container-title":["IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/9739\/7331734\/07169507.pdf?arnumber=7169507","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]],"date-time":"2022-01-12T11:45:38Z","timestamp":1641987938000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/7169507\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"references-count":159,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/comst.2015.2459015","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-877X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-877X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015]]}}}