{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T22:26:07Z","timestamp":1780352767291,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]],"date-time":"2016-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"}],"funder":[{"name":"NSERC Post-Doctoral Fellowship","award":["453711-2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["453711-2014"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/comst.2016.2590438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,12]],"date-time":"2016-07-12T20:37:23Z","timestamp":1468355843000},"page":"2926-2947","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":141,"title":["A Survey of Clock Synchronization Over Packet-Switched Networks"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7993-0483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Levesque","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Tipper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2010.5609761"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2010.5609760"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2012.021312.00034"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2011.07.010"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"1","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2009.5340200"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SmartGridComm.2012.6486050"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SMFG.2011.6125767"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2013.6644768"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"22","article-title":"Synchronisation challenges within future smart grid infrastructure","author":"shannon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Smart Grids Green Commun and IT Energy-aware Technol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2007.4383783"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2008.4659216"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2008.4659222"},{"key":"ref20","article-title":"Timing and synchronization for LTE-TDD and LTE-advanced mobile networks","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref22","article-title":"IEEE 1588 timing for mobile backhaul: The road to ‘plug & play","author":"donegan","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2011.6070143"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2007.4383790"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2007.4383786"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2012.6336621"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2010.5594686"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2013.6644754"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2007.4383789"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/26.103043"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2009.5340224"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2007.4383785"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2008.4659209"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2007.4383781"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2008.4659214"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2007.4383780"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2008.4659207"},{"key":"ref53","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref52","first-page":"317","article-title":"NTP versus PTP in computer networks clock synchronization","author":"neagoe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Int Symp Ind Electron"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2010.5609787"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISGTEurope.2012.6465863"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.TN.1867"},{"key":"ref6","article-title":"Series G: Transmission systems and media, digital systems and networks–definitions and terminology for synchronization in packet networks","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2013.6588653"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2007.4383791"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNP.2009.5339684"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1807048.1807053"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2013.2280489"},{"key":"ref46","article-title":"The emerging interdependence of the electric power grid & information and communication technology","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2012.6336630"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2014.6948697"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2008.4659223"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2009.5340198"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2012.6336618"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2014.6948699"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2008.4659215"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2007.4383768"},{"key":"ref126","first-page":"1","article-title":"Security improvements for IEEE 1588 Annex K: Implementation and comparison of authentication codes","author":"\u00f6nal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Symp Precis Clock Synchronization Meas Control Commun (ISPCS)"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2011.6070153"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2010.5609765"},{"key":"ref73","first-page":"25","article-title":"White rabbit: A PTP application for robust sub-nanosecond synchronization","author":"lipi?ski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Symp Precis Clock Synchronization Meas Control Commun (ISPCS)"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NSSMIC.2010.5874003"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PDP.2014.114"},{"key":"ref71","article-title":"Synchronous Ethernet explained","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2008.4659210"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2007.4383788"},{"key":"ref76","article-title":"Improved techniques for time synchronisation over WiFi and wireless sensor networks","author":"shannon","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1380564.1380571"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2005.01.002"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2012.6336610"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2013.6644756"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2012.43"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/844128.844143"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/958491.958508"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2011.6070151"},{"key":"ref62","article-title":"PTP profile for frequency distribution without timing support from the network","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2010.5609788"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ETFA.2014.7005200"},{"key":"ref64","first-page":"1","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2010.5609781"},{"key":"ref66","first-page":"49","article-title":"Overview and timing performance of IEEE 802.1AS","author":"teener","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Symp Precis Clock Synchronization Meas Control Commun (ISPCS)"},{"key":"ref67","article-title":"Timing characteristics of synchronous Ethernet equipment slave clock (EEC)","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2013.103113.00260"},{"key":"ref2","year":"2015","journal-title":"NIST CPS PWG Webinar Update"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2008.4623717"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2014.6843233"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2008.4659226"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2015.7218503"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2008.4659206"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2014.6948530"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2013.6644765"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2014.2341604"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2009.5340202"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2011.092011.110582"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2009.5340215"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2011.6070152"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2010.08.091601"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2010.2058584"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2008.080824","article-title":"An enhanced IEEE 1588 time synchronization algorithm for asymmetric communication link using block burst transmission","volume":"12","author":"lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Commun Lett"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2014.6948693"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2009.5340223"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2007.4383782"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2013.6644757"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2014.012214.132540"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2007.4383774"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2014.2304413"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2013.6644771"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"141","article-title":"A user friendly TSC clock","author":"corell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Passive Active Meas Conf"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-79232-1_19"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"527","article-title":"Analytic end-to-end estimation for the one-way delay and its variation","author":"choi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Conf Consum Commun Netw"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-19186-2_9"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2007.4383769"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2007.4383773"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2014.6948532"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"1","article-title":"Highly accurate evaluation of GPS synchronization for TDOA localization","author":"li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc IFIP Wireless Days (WD)"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1031495.1031501"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RTSS.2013.34"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/5.84976"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/941350.941353"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2010.5594685"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1098918.1098933"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2008.4659205"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2007.4383778"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1869983.1870010"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/511399.511336","article-title":"PC based precision timing without GPS","author":"p\u00e1sztor","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc ACM SIGMETRICS Int Conf Meas Model Comput Syst"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2008.4659208"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2008.4659224"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC.2003.1200555"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2008.4659225"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2007.4383787"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2012.6503140"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2009.5340204"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2012.2227342"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc7384"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LES.2009.2028103"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2012.2218711"},{"key":"ref87","first-page":"158","article-title":"A programmable MEMS-based clock generator with sub-ps jitter performance","author":"lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Symp VLSI Circuits (VLSIC)"},{"key":"ref88","article-title":"A dynamic wireless sensor network synchronisation protocol","author":"shannon","year":"2011"}],"container-title":["IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/9739\/7748587\/07509657.pdf?arnumber=7509657","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]],"date-time":"2022-01-12T16:20:47Z","timestamp":1642004447000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/7509657\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"references-count":131,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/comst.2016.2590438","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-877X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-877X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016]]}}}