{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T18:17:53Z","timestamp":1775326673897,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":204,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000844","name":"ESA NPI Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4000110780\/14\/NL\/AK"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4000110780\/14\/NL\/AK"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000844","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TEC2014-53656-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TEC2014-53656-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TEC2017-89925-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TEC2017-89925-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"EU Project High Precision Positioning for Cooperative ITS Applications","award":["MG-3.5a-2014-636537"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MG-3.5a-2014-636537"]}]},{"name":"Framework of the ICT Project WHERE2 through the European Union FP7","award":["ICT-248894"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ICT-248894"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/comst.2017.2785181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,19]],"date-time":"2017-12-19T19:23:00Z","timestamp":1513711380000},"page":"1124-1148","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":556,"title":["Survey of Cellular Mobile Radio Localization Methods: From 1G to 5G"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5186-4904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose A.","family":"del Peral-Rosado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3409-6640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronald","family":"Raulefs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5392-6005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose A.","family":"Lopez-Salcedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2494-6872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gonzalo","family":"Seco-Granados","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2013.6588653"},{"key":"ref172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.TN.1867"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOMSTD.2017.1600768ST"},{"key":"ref174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1587\/transcom.E98.B.502"},{"key":"ref173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1587\/transcom.E97.B.1728"},{"key":"ref176","article-title":"Stage 2 functional specification of UE positioning in E-UTRAN, release 11, V11.0.0","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref175","article-title":"Study on LTE device to device proximity services; radio aspects, release 12, V12.0.1","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref178","article-title":"Requirements for support of A-GNSS, release 9, V9.0.0","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref177","article-title":"Requirements for support of A-GPS (FDD), release 6","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IPIN.2013.6817853"},{"key":"ref169","first-page":"1","article-title":"SmartSLAM–an efficient smartphone indoor positioning system exploiting machine learning and opportunistic sensing","author":"faragher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc ION GNSS"},{"key":"ref39","author":"holma","year":"2000","journal-title":"WCDMA for UMTS Radio Access for Third Generation Mobile Communications"},{"key":"ref38","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/T-VT.1980.23848"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2013.6664470"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"22","article-title":"Mobile telephone history","volume":"101","author":"farley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Telektronikk"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2017.1700066"},{"key":"ref37","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref36","year":"1987","journal-title":"GSM Memorandum of Understanding"},{"key":"ref35","article-title":"Physical layer procedures (FDD), release 99, V3.0.0","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref34","article-title":"Physical channels and mapping of transport channels onto physical channels (FDD), release 99, V3.0.0","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref181","article-title":"IMT vision—Framework and overall objectives of the future development of IMT for 2020 and beyond","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref180","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref185","article-title":"Feasibility study on new services and markets technology enablers; stage 1, release 14, V14.1.0","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref184","year":"2015","journal-title":"5G White Paper - Executive Version"},{"key":"ref183","year":"2016","journal-title":"HIGHTS Project High Precision Positioning for Cooperative-ITS"},{"key":"ref182","year":"2015","journal-title":"5G Automotive Vision"},{"key":"ref189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SPAWC.2016.7536783"},{"key":"ref188","first-page":"1","article-title":"Feasibility study of 5G-based localization for assisted driving","author":"del peral-rosado","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc ICL-GNSS"},{"key":"ref187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2014.2332611"},{"key":"ref186","first-page":"80","volume":"24","author":"wymeersch","year":"2017","journal-title":"5G mmWave positioning for vehicular networks"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2606486"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2448632"},{"key":"ref179","article-title":"Stage 2 functional specification of UE positioning in E-UTRAN, release 14, V14.0.0","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2315036"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2009.090103"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2009.090308"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2008.2008853"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2011.943410"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2009.934669"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2015.2403868"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bltj.21612"},{"key":"ref50","article-title":"Location services (LCS); service description; stage 1, release 4, V4.6.0","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref51","article-title":"Stage 2 functional specification of user equipment (UE) positioning in UTRAN, release 7, V7.0.0","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2017.2715363"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IPIN.2016.7743656"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1049\/cp:20040697","article-title":"matrix, and enhanced satellite positioning","author":"duffett-smith","year":"2004","journal-title":"Fifth IEE International Conference on 3G Mobile Communication Technologies (3G 2004) The Premier Technical Conference for 3G and Beyond"},{"key":"ref155","author":"van diggelen","year":"2009","journal-title":"A-GPS Assisted GPS GNSS and SBAS"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2016.2544790"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2016.2589463"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2016.2593697"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1687-6180-2014-33"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPA.2015.7306072"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WPNC.2014.6843292"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/167532"},{"key":"ref59","article-title":"Positioning support for LTE","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref58","first-page":"42","article-title":"Standardization trends in LTE enhancement","volume":"12","author":"abeta","year":"2010","journal-title":"NTT DoCoMo Tech J"},{"key":"ref57","article-title":"Requirements for support of radio resource management, release 8, V8.23.0","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref56","article-title":"Requirements related to technical performance for IMT-Advanced radio interface(s)","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref55","article-title":"BS radio transmission and reception, release 13, V13.2.0","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref54","article-title":"Physical channels and modulation, release 9, V9.1.0","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref53","article-title":"Position determination service standard for dual mode spread spectrum systems, V3.0","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref52","article-title":"Stage 2 functional specification of UE positioning in UTRAN, release 10, V10.0.0","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref40","author":"halonen","year":"2004","journal-title":"GSM GPRS and EDGE Performance Evolution Towards 3G\/UMTS"},{"key":"ref167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NAVITEC.2016.7849332"},{"key":"ref166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITST.2011.6060074"},{"key":"ref165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2012.2215855"},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.1433"},{"key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/149065"},{"key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WoWMoM.2014.6918959"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IPIN.2012.6418886"},{"key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7857","DOI":"10.3390\/s150407857","article-title":"Using multiple barometers to detect the floor location of smart phones with built-in barometric sensors for indoor positioning","volume":"15","author":"xia","year":"2015","journal-title":"SENSORS"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/T-VT.1977.23655"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2005.1458269"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/35.667410"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/35.544321"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/35.667413"},{"key":"ref159","article-title":"Using barometers to determine the height for indoor positioning","author":"li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc IPIN"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/35.667411"},{"key":"ref49","article-title":"UE positioning enhancements, release 4, V1.0.0","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref157","first-page":"2762","article-title":"E-GPS: Indoor mobile phone positioning on GSM and W-CDMA","author":"duffett-smith","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc ION GNSS"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/35.667415"},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s150100166"},{"key":"ref46","article-title":"Stage 2 functional specification of user equipment (UE) positioning in UTRAN, release 99, V3.0.0","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref45","article-title":"Location services (LCS); functional description; stage 2, release 98, V7.0.0","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref48","year":"1999","journal-title":"IMT-2000 radio interface specifications approved in ITU meeting in Helsinki"},{"key":"ref47","article-title":"Location services (LCS); service description; stage 1, release 1999, V3.1.0","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"1","article-title":"Localization within GSM","author":"wickman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Land Navigation and Info Sys Conf of the Royal Inst of Navigation"},{"key":"ref41","article-title":"Radio subsystem synchronization, Ph2, V4.0.1","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"333","article-title":"An introduction to SnapTrack server-aided GPS technology","author":"moeglein","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc ION GPS"},{"key":"ref43","article-title":"Report and order and further notice of proposed rulemaking on revision of the FCC rules to ensure compatibility with enhanced 911 emergency calling systems","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref73","article-title":"LMU performance specification; network based positioning systems in E-UTRAN, release 11, V11.4.0","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2010.5490974"},{"key":"ref71","article-title":"Location services (LCS); service description; stage 1, release 9, V9.1.0","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref70","article-title":"Analysis of UE subframe timing offset measurement sensitivity to OTDoA performance","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref76","article-title":"Way forward for network-based positioning for LTE","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref77","article-title":"Joint motion to dismiss the amended complaint of TruePosition","author":"kelly","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref74","article-title":"Chairman’s note on simulation assumptions for UTDOA","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref75","article-title":"LS on summary of UTDOA evaluation in RAN1","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref78","article-title":"Inclusion of RF pattern matching as a positioning method in the E-UTRAN","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref79","article-title":"RF pattern matching location method in LTE, release 12, V12.0.0","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref60","article-title":"Support for IMS emergency calls over LTE","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref62","article-title":"Support for emergency services","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref61","article-title":"Overview of 3GPP release 9, release 9, V0.2.1","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref63","article-title":"On OTDOA in LTE","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref64","article-title":"Improving the hearability of LTE positioning service","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref65","article-title":"Performance of DL OTDOA with dedicated LCS-RS","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref66","article-title":"On OTDOA method for LTE positioning","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref67","article-title":"Way forward on OTDOA positioning","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref68","article-title":"Further considerations on PRS design for LTE Rel-9","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref69","article-title":"Evaluation of PRS-assisted OTDOA-based positioning for LTE","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.2572"},{"key":"ref198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCW.2015.7247342"},{"key":"ref199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2017.2669963"},{"key":"ref193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2015.2468079"},{"key":"ref194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RFID.2016.7487999"},{"key":"ref195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2015.2504328"},{"key":"ref196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2016.2578336"},{"key":"ref95","article-title":"Stage 2 functional specification of UE positioning in E-UTRAN, release 13, V13.0.0","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref94","article-title":"Requirements for support of radio resource management, release 13, V13.1.0","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCW.2015.7247282"},{"key":"ref93","article-title":"3GPP system to WLAN interworking; system description, release 12, V12.0.0","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOMW.2015.7413967"},{"key":"ref92","article-title":"Physical layer procedures, release 12, V12.10.0","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCFall.2015.7390953"},{"key":"ref91","article-title":"Views on indoor positioning enhancements SI","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref90","article-title":"Study on 3D channel model for LTE, release 12, V12.2.0","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref98","article-title":"Third report and order on E-911 phase II requirements","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref99","article-title":"Order to stay","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref96","author":"fischer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Observed time difference of arrival (OTDOA) positioning in 3GPP LTE"},{"key":"ref97","article-title":"Location services (LCS); service description; stage 1, release 14, V14.1.0","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref82","article-title":"New SI proposal: Positioning enhancements for E-UTRA","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref81","article-title":"Stage 2 functional specification of UE positioning in E-UTRAN, release 9, V9.10.0","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref84","article-title":"Requirements for support of radio resource management, release 9, V9.22.0","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref83","article-title":"Feasibility of positioning enhancements for E-UTRA, release 13, V13.0.0","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref80","article-title":"Physical layer; measurements, release 12, V12.2.0","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref89","article-title":"FCC liaison statement","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2016.7497765"},{"key":"ref86","article-title":"New SID: Study on indoor positioning enhancements for UTRA and LTE","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref87","article-title":"Study on indoor positioning enhancements for UTRA and LTE, release 13, V13.1.0","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref88","article-title":"Third further notice of proposed rulemaking on wireless E911 location accuracy requirements","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1600655"},{"key":"ref101","article-title":"Second report and order on wireless E911 location accuracy requirements","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref100","article-title":"Report and order on wireless E911 location accuracy requirements","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref203","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cloud GNSS receivers: New advanced applications made possible","author":"lucas-sabola","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc ICL-GNSS"},{"key":"ref204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PLANS.1994.303353"},{"key":"ref201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2015.7064901"},{"key":"ref202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2016.1600071CM"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCFall.2012.6398972"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/ASP\/2006\/12930"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmcj.2007.07.004"},{"key":"ref124","article-title":"E9-1-1 location accuracy: Report—Leveraging LBS and emerging location technologies for indoor wireless E9-1-1","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PIMRC.2014.7136172"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/248981"},{"key":"ref130","author":"turkka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Localization Architecture for Multi-Layer Multi-RAT Heterogeneous Network Deliverable D6 3"},{"key":"ref133","first-page":"535","article-title":"Synergies between satellite navigation and location services of terrestrial mobile communication","author":"hein","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc ION GPS"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.488154"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/6979.869021"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VETEC.1999.778383"},{"key":"ref136","article-title":"Technical options for E9-1-1 location accuracy","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn.2009.0287"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1049\/cp:20020419","article-title":"precise ue positioning in umts using cumulative virtual blanking","author":"duffett-smith","year":"2002","journal-title":"Third International Conference on 3G Mobile Communication Technologies"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/UPINLBS.2014.7033736"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PIMRC.2009.5450144"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PLANS.2012.6236895"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/812945"},{"key":"ref142","article-title":"Location determination in OFDM based mobile radio systems","author":"mensing","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2009.5199097"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.1998.667408"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICL-GNSS.2012.6253127"},{"key":"ref1","article-title":"Establishing criteria for the accuracy and reliability of the caller location information in support of emergency services","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref145","first-page":"650","article-title":"Analysis of positioning capabilities of 3GPP LTE","author":"del peral-rosado","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc ION GNSS"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PIMRC.2002.1046564"},{"key":"ref108","year":"2004","journal-title":"Memorandum of Understanding for Realisation of Interoperable in-Vehicle eCall"},{"key":"ref107","year":"2003","journal-title":"Commission Recommendation of 25 July 2003 on the Processing of Caller Location Information in Electronic Communication Networks for the Purpose of Location-Enhanced Emergency Call Services"},{"key":"ref106","article-title":"Report on implementation issues related to access to location information by emergency services (E112) in the European Union","author":"ludden","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref105","article-title":"The 1999 communications review: Towards a new framework for electronic communications infrastructure and associated services","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref104","article-title":"Fourth report and order on wireless E911 location accuracy requirements","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref103","article-title":"TruePosition indoor test report","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref102","article-title":"E9-1-1 location accuracy: Indoor location test bed report","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref111","first-page":"1","article-title":"WHERE2 location aided communications","author":"dammann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Eur Wireless Conf"},{"key":"ref112","year":"2016","journal-title":"Establishing detailed technical requirements and test procedures for the EC type-approval of motor vehicles with respect to their 112-based eCall in-vehicles systems of 112-based eCall in-vehicle separate technical units and components and supplementing and amending Regulation (EU) 2015\/758 of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to the applicable standards"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VETECF.2008.432"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/35.667416"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/25.933304"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wcm.55"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2002.1018015"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2005.1458284"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2005.1458275"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2005.1458273","article-title":"Signal processing techniques in network-aided positioning: A survey of state-of-the-art positioning designs","volume":"22","author":"sun","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process Mag"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2010.2054843"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2005.1458289"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VETECF.2004.1404724"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCC.2007.905750"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-007-9375-z"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.2871"},{"key":"ref114","author":"gladkikh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Technical Regulation in the Scope of ERA-GLONASS Emergency Response System Deployment"},{"key":"ref113","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2005.851318"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VTC.2001.957254"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOMW.2015.7414170"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VETECS.2001.944052"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2003.819613"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-com.2011.0410"}],"container-title":["IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/9739\/8362823\/08226757.pdf?arnumber=8226757","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]],"date-time":"2022-01-26T06:04:57Z","timestamp":1643177097000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8226757\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"references-count":204,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/comst.2017.2785181","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-877X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-877X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018]]}}}