{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T15:09:27Z","timestamp":1775228967930,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003444","name":"Beijing University of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003444","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Beijing Post-Doctoral Fund"},{"name":"Support Project of High-Level Teachers in Beijing Municipal Universities in the Period of 13th Five-Year Plan","award":["067175315000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["067175315000"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61671029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61671029"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61571021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61571021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/comst.2019.2894727","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,24]],"date-time":"2019-01-24T00:51:05Z","timestamp":1548291065000},"page":"1508-1532","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":618,"title":["Integrated Blockchain and Edge Computing Systems: A Survey, Some Research Issues and Challenges"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Ruizhe","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1006-7594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F. Richard","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9160-2298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pengbo","family":"Si","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zhaoxin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yanhua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CIT.2016.71"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IEEE.ICIOT.2017.34"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"1","article-title":"The interplay between decentralization and privacy: The case of blockchain technologies","volume":"7","author":"de filippi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Peer Prod"},{"key":"ref32","author":"maughelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Security-Related Experiences With Smart Contracts Over the Ethereum Blockchain"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-21837-3_67"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2749422"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2017.195"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2660267.2660380"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"146","article-title":"Blockchain-based database to ensure data integrity in cloud computing environments","author":"gaetani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Ital Conf Cybersecurity"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AICCSA.2016.7945805"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2016.1500157RP"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2831347.2831354"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"82","article-title":"A survey on mobile edge computing: The communication perspective","volume":"24","author":"mao","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Commun Surveys Tuts"},{"key":"ref20","year":"2017","journal-title":"Filecoin A Decentralized Storage Network"},{"key":"ref22","year":"2018","journal-title":"iex ec"},{"key":"ref21","year":"2017","journal-title":"The iEx ec Project"},{"key":"ref24","author":"poon","year":"2016","journal-title":"The bitcoin lightning network Scalable off-chain instant payments"},{"key":"ref23","author":"back","year":"2014","journal-title":"Enabling blockchain innovations with pegged sidechains"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2015.207"},{"key":"ref26","author":"buterin","year":"2017","journal-title":"On sharding blockchains"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WAINA.2016.153"},{"key":"ref25","author":"poon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plasma Scalable autonomous smart contracts"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1700117"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIC.2012.144"},{"key":"ref59","author":"pors","year":"2017","journal-title":"Understanding the IPFS White Paper Part 2"},{"key":"ref58","author":"benet","year":"2014","journal-title":"IPFS Content Addressed Versioned P2P File System (DRAFT 3)"},{"key":"ref57","author":"zyskind","year":"2015","journal-title":"Enigma Decentralized computation platform with guaranteed privacy"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SPW.2015.27"},{"key":"ref55","author":"raval","year":"2016","journal-title":"Decentralized Applications Harnessing Bitcoin’s Blockchain Technology"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1998561.1998567"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2607786"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CIC.2017.00030"},{"key":"ref40","year":"2015","journal-title":"Empowering the edge - practical insights on a decentralized internet of things"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2017.9"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"112","article-title":"The quest for scalable blockchain fabric: Proof-of-work vs. BFT replication","author":"vukoli?","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Int Workshop Open Problems Netw Security"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2779263"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2778504"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5383\/JUSPN.09.02.001","article-title":"Virtual resources & blockchain for configuration management in IoT","volume":"9","author":"samaniego","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Ubiquitous Syst Pervasive Netw"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3010089.3016027"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1700041"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICWS.2017.54"},{"key":"ref46","author":"brouwer","year":"2017","journal-title":"NeuRoN Decentralized Artificial Intelligence Distributing Deep Learning to the Edge of the Network"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2740569"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NFV-SDN.2017.8169860"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.11.022"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CSCS.2017.102"},{"key":"ref41","author":"panikkar","year":"2015","journal-title":"ADEPT An IoT Practitioner Perspective"},{"key":"ref44","author":"dorri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blockchain in internet of things Challenges and solutions"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PERCOMW.2017.7917634"},{"key":"ref127","author":"tzu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Matrix Technical Whitepaper"},{"key":"ref126","author":"groopman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Four Examples of Blockchain-Artificial Intelligence Deployments"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2976749.2978341"},{"key":"ref124","author":"corea","year":"2017","journal-title":"The convergence of ai and blockchain whats the deal?"},{"key":"ref73","author":"xiong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Edge computing resource management and pricing for mobile blockchain"},{"key":"ref72","author":"jiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Social welfare maximization auction in edge computing resource allocation for mobile blockchain"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCC.2018.1081060"},{"key":"ref71","author":"luong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Optimal auction for edge computing resource management in mobile blockchain networks A deep learning approach"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCNC.2018.8390264"},{"key":"ref70","author":"xiong","year":"2017","journal-title":"When mobile blockchain meets edge computing Challenges and applications"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2976749.2978421"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2871394"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-70697-9_15"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2014.35"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-49896-5_25"},{"key":"ref131","first-page":"1290","article-title":"Transform blockchain into distributed parallel computing architecture for precision medicine","author":"tsai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc IEEE ICDCS"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NOMS.2018.8406322"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SCM.2017.7970698"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-57639-8_4"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-69035-3_53"},{"key":"ref62","author":"tron","year":"2017","journal-title":"IPFS & SWARM"},{"key":"ref61","author":"pors","year":"2017","journal-title":"Picking a Decentralized Storage System"},{"key":"ref63","year":"2017","journal-title":"A BigchainDB Primer"},{"key":"ref64","author":"mcconaghy","year":"2016","journal-title":"BigchainDB A Scalable Blockchain Database(DRAFT)"},{"key":"ref65","author":"daubensch\u00fctz","year":"2017","journal-title":"BigchainDB Version 0 10 Released"},{"key":"ref66","first-page":"181","article-title":"Blockstack: A global naming and storage system secured by blockchains","author":"ali","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc USENIX ATC"},{"key":"ref67","author":"ali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blockstack Technical Whitepaper"},{"key":"ref68","first-page":"40","article-title":"Performance analysis of object store systems in a fog and edge computing infrastructure","author":"confais","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transactions on Large-Scale Data- and Knowledge-Centered Systems I"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2084","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2016.2535718","article-title":"Bitcoin and beyond: A technical survey on decentralized digital currencies","volume":"18","author":"florian","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Commun Surveys Tuts"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3131542.3131563"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2017.3571064"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-47854-7_33","article-title":"Inclusive block chain protocols","author":"lewenberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Financial Cryptography and Data Security"},{"key":"ref95","author":"akentiev","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plasma in 10 Minutes"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2018.1700172"},{"key":"ref94","author":"samani","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Web3 Stack"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7476201"},{"key":"ref93","first-page":"45","article-title":"Bitcoin-NG: A scalable blockchain protocol","author":"eyal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc USENIX Conf NSDI"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2758763"},{"key":"ref92","first-page":"1","article-title":"Making big data open in edges: A resource-efficient blockchain-based approach","author":"xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Parallel Distrib Syst"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10723-011-9186-z"},{"key":"ref91","author":"kasireddy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blockchains Don’t Scale Not Today at Least But There’s Hope"},{"key":"ref104","year":"2018","journal-title":"NKN A Scalable Self-Evolving and Self-Incentivized Decentralized Network"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCGRID.2010.100"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSAI.2017.8248427"},{"key":"ref102","author":"ferrag","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blockchain Technologies for the Internet of Things Research Issues and Challenges"},{"key":"ref111","author":"popov","year":"2017","journal-title":"The tangle"},{"key":"ref112","author":"churyumov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Byteball A decentralized system for storage and transfer of value"},{"key":"ref110","author":"lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Explaining Directed Acylic Graph (DAG) The Real Blockchain 3 0"},{"key":"ref98","author":"bowe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scalable Multi-Party Computation for ZK-SNARK Parameters in the Random Beacon Model"},{"key":"ref99","year":"2017","journal-title":"Intelligent Edge"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2842460"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-46803-6_13"},{"key":"ref10","author":"nakamoto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bitcoin A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"106","article-title":"On scaling decentralized blockchains","author":"croman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc ICFCDS"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2829141"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"1","article-title":"A service-oriented blockchain system with virtualization","volume":"1","author":"yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trans Blockchain Technol Appl"},{"key":"ref14","author":"buterin","year":"2014","journal-title":"A next-generation smart contract and decentralized application platform"},{"key":"ref15","author":"seijas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scripting smart contracts for distributed ledger technology"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EUROCON.2017.8011213"},{"key":"ref16","author":"cachin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Architecture of the hyperledger blockchain fabric"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2012.03.013"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BIGCOM.2017.31"},{"key":"ref17","author":"king","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ppcoin Peer-to-peer Crypto-currency with Proof-of-stake"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GRID.2004.14"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2842685"},{"key":"ref84","first-page":"236","article-title":"Big data mining using public distributed computing","volume":"47","author":"jurgelevi?ius","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inf Technol Control"},{"key":"ref119","author":"dickson","year":"2017","journal-title":"How Do You Bring Artificial Intelligence From the Cloud to the Edge?"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2757955"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-10-811-2017"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2016.2610963"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2016.2603511"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BigDataCongress.2017.67"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2847632"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICUFN.2017.7993927"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MTS.2015.2494358"},{"key":"ref89","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Golem Project Crowdfunding Whitepaper"},{"key":"ref121","year":"2017","journal-title":"Singularitynet A decentralized open market and inter-network for ais"},{"key":"ref122","year":"2017","journal-title":"Deepbrain Chain Artificial Intelligence Computing Platform Driven by Blockchain"},{"key":"ref123","author":"vigoda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Idea Learning"},{"key":"ref85","author":"halford","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gridcoin Crypto-Currency Using Berkeley Open Infrastructure Network Computing Grid as a Proof of Work"},{"key":"ref86","author":"grothe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Breaking and Fixing Gridcoin"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2810103.2813659"},{"key":"ref88","author":"teutsch","year":"2017","journal-title":"A scalable verification solution for blockchains"}],"container-title":["IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/9739\/8727625\/08624417.pdf?arnumber=8624417","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,10]],"date-time":"2022-09-10T21:00:24Z","timestamp":1662843624000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8624417\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"references-count":132,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/comst.2019.2894727","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-877X","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2373-745X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019]]}}}