{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T16:13:06Z","timestamp":1784391186686,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":157,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004052","name":"Office of Sponsored Research at King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Effat University in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, for funding the research reported in this paper through the Research and Consultancy Institute"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/comst.2020.2990499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,27]],"date-time":"2020-04-27T20:04:03Z","timestamp":1588017843000},"page":"1839-1862","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":314,"title":["CubeSat Communications: Recent Advances and Future Challenges"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5123-5139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nasir","family":"Saeed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8854-8369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Elzanaty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heba","family":"Almorad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0737-6372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hayssam","family":"Dahrouj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6955-4720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tareq Y.","family":"Al-Naffouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4827-1793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed-Slim","family":"Alouini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2019.1800299"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2018.2804664"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2018.2806218"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MAP.2017.2655582"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2016-2598"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2016.2564990"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MAP.2015.2470678"},{"key":"ref36","year":"2019","journal-title":"SSTL"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ATSIP.2016.7523152"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECS.2018.8617947"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2012.062612.00134"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"213","article-title":"The first one hundred CubeSats: A statistical look","volume":"2","author":"swartwout","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal Of Small Satellites"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5063145"},{"key":"ref20","year":"2019","journal-title":"Telesat LEO Why LEO?"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWSYM.2015.7167067"},{"key":"ref21","year":"2019","journal-title":"Amazon&#x2019;s Kuiper Systems Joins SIA"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2015-1623"},{"key":"ref23","author":"kulu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanosatellite and Cubesat Database"},{"key":"ref101","author":"kegege","year":"2016","journal-title":"Advances in Ka-band Communication System for CubeSats and SmallSats"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2010.06.004"},{"key":"ref100","first-page":"331","article-title":"Signal quality evaluation for picosatellite communication systems","author":"vertat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Appl Electron"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"513","article-title":"Survey, statistical analysis and classification of launched CubeSat missions with emphasis on the attitude control method","volume":"5","author":"polat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal Of Small Satellites"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2019.02.006"},{"key":"ref51","year":"2019","journal-title":"Swarm of 105 Tiny Sprite ChipSats Successfully Deployed"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2735988"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2919151"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2019.2920829"},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2919274"},{"key":"ref150","first-page":"1","article-title":"Iridium NEXT SensorPODs: Global access for your scientific payloads","author":"gupta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc 25th Annu AIAA\/US Conf Small Satellite"},{"key":"ref152","year":"2015","journal-title":"A technical overview of lora and lorawan"},{"key":"ref151","article-title":"Low power long range transmitter","author":"seller","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SysEng.2015.7302778"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2018.8647698"},{"key":"ref148","year":"2019","journal-title":"H2020 VITAL research project"},{"key":"ref149","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blast Off The Internet of Things Is Headed to Mars"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/PIERS.2018.8597762"},{"key":"ref58","first-page":"1","article-title":"A CubeSat-based optical communication network for low earth orbit","author":"welle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc AIAA\/USU Conf Small Satellite"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2535938"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-32817-1_2"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSOS.2017.8357210"},{"key":"ref54","first-page":"1","article-title":"ShindaiSat: A visible light communication experimental micro-satellite","author":"nakajima","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Space Opt Syst Appl (ICSOS)"},{"key":"ref53","author":"saeed","year":"2019","journal-title":"To boldly go where no sensor has gone before The movement to place IoT in radical new spaces"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2881088"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AERO.2013.6497174"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Small satellites and CubeSats: Survey of structures, architectures, and protocols","volume":"1","author":"davoli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Satellite Commun Netw"},{"key":"ref3","year":"2019","journal-title":"CubeSats in Brief"},{"key":"ref6","year":"2019","journal-title":"World&#x2019;s Only Connectivity Solution Designed for the Poles"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/MIPRO.2018.8400026"},{"key":"ref8","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gomx-3"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AERO.2014.6836307"},{"key":"ref7","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radix"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCW.2019.8757157"},{"key":"ref9","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lemur-2"},{"key":"ref46","year":"2019","journal-title":"DARPA Moves Ahead With Fractionated-Satellite System F6 Program With Solicitation for Affordable Satellite Bus"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2016.07.010"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AERO.2016.7500896"},{"key":"ref47","year":"2019","journal-title":"DARPA cancels formation-flying satellite demo"},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"1","article-title":"Global communication coverage using CubeSats","author":"su","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc IEEE 7th Annu Comput Commun Workshop Conf (CCWC)"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2018.12.004"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2012.6178046"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40295-016-0096-y"},{"key":"ref127","first-page":"111","article-title":"A new routing algorithm of two-tier LEO\/MEO mobile satellite communication systems","author":"di","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Asia&#x2013;Pac Conf Commun"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2007.912605"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/wicom.2011.6040248"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2004.08.006"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2003.811182"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/25.966585"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MILCOM.2012.6415828"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/25.661055"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2018.8647491"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/el:19961058"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2019.2911769"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2015.2509993"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SECON.2016.7506756"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2006.522"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2014.2346186"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2018.12.017"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2793237"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2017.1600173"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/26.662636"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2015.10.007"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-map.2015.0725"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2017.2732343"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOMW.2018.8644237"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2019.1800297"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSN.2018.000-4"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.26.004058"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2018.2832799"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1117\/3.2543821","article-title":"The infrared & electro-optical systems handbook: Atmospheric propagation of radiation, volume 2","author":"smith","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA088215"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2016.2603518"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AERO.2018.8396750"},{"key":"ref140","author":"tariq","year":"2019","journal-title":"A speculative study on 6G"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2011.940794"},{"key":"ref141","author":"sarieddeen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Next generation terahertz communications A rendezvous of sensing imaging and localization"},{"key":"ref66","first-page":"122","article-title":"A statistical model for a land mobile satellite link","volume":"vt 34","author":"loo","year":"1985","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Veh Technol"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2019.2897091"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/25.312773"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2019.2900316"},{"key":"ref68","first-page":"411","article-title":"Practical channel simulation model for the non-GEO land mobile satellite (LMS) communications","volume":"1","author":"ko","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc IEEE 47th Veh Technol Conf"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2017.11.010"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2010.10.009"},{"key":"ref69","first-page":"41","article-title":"A channel model for nongeostationary orbiting satellite system","volume":"1","author":"hwang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc IEEE 47th Veh Technol Conf"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2018.03.052"},{"key":"ref1","year":"2019","journal-title":"Why Facebook SpaceX and Dozens of Others Are Battling Over Internet Access From Space"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SINKHROINFO.2017.7997514"},{"key":"ref95","article-title":"Attenuation by atmospheric gases","year":"0"},{"key":"ref108","first-page":"1","article-title":"BIRDS-2: Multi-nation CubeSat constellation project for learning and capacity building","author":"pradhan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc 32nd Annual AIAA\/USU Conf Small Sat"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/8.633864"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICITACEE.2016.7892487"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2017.05.030"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2018.8519194"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ATSIP.2017.8075571"},{"key":"ref105","first-page":"1","article-title":"An optimum space-to-ground communication concept for CubeSat platform utilizing NASA space network and near earth network","author":"wong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc AIAA\/USU Conf Small Satellite"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AERO.2017.7943939"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RAST.2011.5966945"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WiSEE.2017.8124884"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWSYM.2015.7167152"},{"key":"ref102","author":"peragin","year":"2012","journal-title":"X Band Donwlink for Cubesat"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AERO.2016.7500710"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RadioElek.2013.6530935"},{"key":"ref110","article-title":"Draft recommendation for space data system standards: Radio frequency and modulation systems&#x2014;Part 1","author":"identifiers","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-010-9760-4"},{"key":"ref99","article-title":"Gimbal for steering propelled CubeSats (NP-2017-06-2403-HQ)","author":"nabors","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/74.491291"},{"key":"ref97","first-page":"8","author":"galuscak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circular Polarization and Polarization Losses"},{"key":"ref10","year":"2019","journal-title":"DICE"},{"key":"ref11","year":"2019","journal-title":"Quake"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2014.10.041"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paerosci.2016.11.002"},{"key":"ref14","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mars Cube One (MarCO)"},{"key":"ref15","year":"2019","journal-title":"Integrated Solar Array and Reflectarray Antenna (ISARA)"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2016.7462495"},{"key":"ref16","year":"2019","journal-title":"AeroCube-OCSD"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LATINCOM.2010.5640977"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AERO.2015.7119041"},{"key":"ref17","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arcsecond Space Telescope Enabling Research in Astrophysics (ASTERIA)"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2016.2637862"},{"key":"ref18","year":"2019","journal-title":"SpaceX Submits Paperwork for 30 000 More Starlink Satellites"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AERO.2013.6496947"},{"key":"ref119","first-page":"238","article-title":"The performance evaluation of distributed inter-satellite communication protocols for cube satellite systems","author":"radhakishnan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc 4th Design Develop Res Conf"},{"key":"ref19","year":"2019","journal-title":"Whereever You Are We Will Cover You"},{"key":"ref83","first-page":"1","article-title":"Feasibility of intersatellite communication for CubeSats","author":"bulanova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Elect Inf Technol (ICEIT)"},{"key":"ref114","article-title":"Bandwidth-efficient modulations: Summary of definition, implementation, and performance","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.1987.1093542"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SYNCHROINFO.2018.8456940"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1119\/1.15378"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.1998.682885"},{"key":"ref120","first-page":"1","article-title":"Optimal multiple access protocol for inter-satellite communication in small satellite systems","author":"radhakrishnan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc 4S Symp Small Satell Syst Services"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2018.2832938"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WiSEE.2015.7392985"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WiSEE.2018.8637346"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/jitn.2013070102"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1134\/S1064226918100054"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12567-013-0058-1"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.812209"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AERO.2010.5446711"}],"container-title":["IEEE Communications Surveys &amp; Tutorials"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/9739\/9173582\/09079470.pdf?arnumber=9079470","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,30]],"date-time":"2023-09-30T07:06:25Z","timestamp":1696057585000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9079470\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"references-count":157,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/comst.2020.2990499","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.36227\/techrxiv.12179397","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.36227\/techrxiv.12179397.v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-877X","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2373-745X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020]]}}}