{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T17:41:18Z","timestamp":1778607678182,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":268,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"name":"Huawei Canada Company Ltd."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/comst.2021.3066905","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]],"date-time":"2021-03-17T19:48:53Z","timestamp":1616010533000},"page":"729-779","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":446,"title":["A Vision and Framework for the High Altitude Platform Station (HAPS) Networks of the Future"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7188-2619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gunes","family":"Karabulut Kurt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1607-3875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad G.","family":"Khoshkholgh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8417-4363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Safwan","family":"Alfattani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4823-4098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3942-2545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tasneem S. J.","family":"Darwish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5810-8108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Sahabul","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4776-9354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Halim","family":"Yanikomeroglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abbas","family":"Yongacoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref170","author":"ibrahim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Optimization Methods for User Admissions and Radio Resource Allocation for Multicasting over High Altitude Platforms"},{"key":"ref172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-com:20070465"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020945122344"},{"key":"ref174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WCSP.2019.8927942"},{"key":"ref173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14257\/ijmue.2013.8.5.26"},{"key":"ref176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/35.620534"},{"key":"ref175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCFall.2017.8288095"},{"key":"ref178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5815\/ijcnis.2013.07.06"},{"key":"ref177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/PBEW039E"},{"key":"ref168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2015.2443095"},{"key":"ref169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-019-1519-9"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1600735"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2019.2916746"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTAS.2019.8703519"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2000542"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2016.7588290"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2014.6736747"},{"key":"ref267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3286062.3286075"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2015.7010534"},{"key":"ref268","first-page":"1126","article-title":"Model-agnostic meta-learning for fast adaptation of deep networks","author":"finn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Mach Learn (ICML)"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2015.7306543"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSSA48701.2019.8985496"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOMW.2017.8269209"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeue.2013.03.007"},{"key":"ref180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-005-8738-6"},{"key":"ref185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s150715398"},{"key":"ref184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-005-0746-z"},{"key":"ref183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2905844"},{"key":"ref182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCFall.2019.8891528"},{"key":"ref189","first-page":"21","article-title":"An overview of non-orthogonal multiple access","volume":"15","author":"benjebbour","year":"2017","journal-title":"ZTE Commun"},{"key":"ref188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2019.2962035"},{"key":"ref187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2019.2902140"},{"key":"ref186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-019-1366-8"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2962207"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2019.2952892"},{"key":"ref179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-005-0743-2"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2020.04.020","article-title":"A review of wireless communication using high-altitude platforms for extended coverage and capacity","volume":"157","author":"arum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput Commun"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2005.1561921"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MAES.2014.130047"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/ecej:20010304"},{"key":"ref24","author":"kanatas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radio Wave Propagation and Channel Modeling for Earth–Space Systems"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2011.940794"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2929241"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2902862"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bltj.21604"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SPAWC.2018.8445936"},{"key":"ref154","first-page":"549","article-title":"Centralized downlink call admission control for high altitude platform station UMTS with onboard power resource sharing","author":"foo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc IEEE 56th Veh Technol Conf"},{"key":"ref153","first-page":"1596","article-title":"Centralized total received power based call admission control for high altitude platform station UMTS","author":"foo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc 13th IEEE Int Symp Pers Indoor Mobile Radio Commun"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VETECF.2007.47"},{"key":"ref155","first-page":"531","article-title":"Call admission control schemes for high altitude platform station and terrestrial tower-based hierarchical UMTS","author":"foo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc IEEE 9th Int Conf Commun Syst (ICCS)"},{"key":"ref150","first-page":"1","article-title":"Outage probability of triple-hop mixed RF\/FSO\/RF stratospheric communication systems","author":"michailidis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc IEEE 10th Int Conf Adv Satellite Space Commun (SPACOMM)"},{"key":"ref152","first-page":"1040","article-title":"Centralized radio resource management strategies with heterogeneous traffics in HAPS WCMA cellular systems","volume":"86","author":"abrardo","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEICE Trans Commun"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2020.2988917"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2003.811052"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOCN.2.000576"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOCN.8.000600"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-016-0751-9"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/drev.10313","article-title":"Drones: Designed for product delivery","volume":"26","author":"bamburry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Design Management Rev"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CSCN.2018.8581827"},{"key":"ref57","first-page":"1","article-title":"The fog computing paradigm: Scenarios and security issues","author":"stojmenovic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Fed Conf Comput Sci Inf Syst"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WCSP.2011.6096957"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2011.2158001"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2016.07.007"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJATM.2019.098513"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2017.7996483"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2016.2603518"},{"key":"ref167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10798587.2016.1152771"},{"key":"ref166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/T-WC.2009.070676"},{"key":"ref165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-019-1463-8"},{"key":"ref164","first-page":"906","article-title":"A channel assigning algorithm for platform displacement model in HAPS communication system","volume":"55","author":"jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Telecommun Eng"},{"key":"ref163","author":"wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Federated learning for task and resource allocation in wireless high altitude balloon networks"},{"key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IWCMC.2019.8766778"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-04260-7_11"},{"key":"ref160","article-title":"Optimal energy allocation policies for a high altitude flying wireless access point","volume":"28","author":"ceran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trans Emerg Telecommun Technol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/ecej:20010303"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2018.2864423"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCFall.2019.8891546"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.0001.1800575"},{"key":"ref8","volume":"541","author":"milas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Interference and Compatibility Studies Between Satellite Service Systems and Systems Using High Altitude Platform Stations"},{"key":"ref159","first-page":"2182","article-title":"Speed and direction adaptive call admission control for high altitude platform station (HAPS) UMTS","author":"foo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Mil Commun Conf (MILCOM)"},{"key":"ref7","year":"2000","journal-title":"Preferred characteristics of systems in the fixd service using high altitude platforms operating in the bands 47 2&#x2013 47 5 GHz and 47 9&#x2013 49 2 GHz"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2014.2331971"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2005.1421924"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"33","article-title":"Wireless communications system using stratospheric platforms: R and D program on telecom and broadcasting system using high altitude platform stations","volume":"48","author":"miura","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Col Read Learn"},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2017.2725519"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11036-012-0368-0"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOMW.2018.8644511"},{"key":"ref48","year":"2021","journal-title":"NWS Jetstream—Layers of the Atmosphere"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2017.2703901"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OECC.2015.7340269"},{"key":"ref41","author":"alsharoa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Facilitating satellite-airborne-terrestrial integration for dynamic and infrastructure-less networks"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2015.2435391"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2016.1600178CM"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-02901-6","author":"ehrenfried","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stratonauts Pioneers Venturing Into the Stratosphere"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2019.2952045"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2004.842972"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2016.2595260"},{"key":"ref76","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aerovironment Inc"},{"key":"ref77","year":"2021","journal-title":"CAPANINA Test Results Summary Report"},{"key":"ref74","year":"2021","journal-title":"Connecting People Everywhere"},{"key":"ref75","year":"2021","journal-title":"SHARP (Stationary High Altitude Relay Platform)"},{"key":"ref78","year":"2021","journal-title":"Strategies"},{"key":"ref79","year":"2021","journal-title":"Elevate"},{"key":"ref60","first-page":"8887","article-title":"A handover management in LEO satellite network using angular and distance based algorithm","volume":"975","author":"sarddar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Comput Appl"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICOIACT.2018.8350752"},{"key":"ref61","year":"2002","journal-title":"Technical And Operational Characteristics For The Fixed Service Using High Altitude Platform Stations In The Bands 27 5–28 35 Ghz And 31–31 3 GHz"},{"key":"ref63","year":"2019","journal-title":"Draft Regulatory Guidance for Unmanned Aircraft Operations—General Regulations APUAS\/TF\/3—WP\/08"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00908320.2018.1548452"},{"key":"ref65","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sharing and compatibility studies of HAPS systems in the fixed service in the 21 4–22 GHz frequency range for Region 2"},{"key":"ref66","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sharing and compatibility studies of HAPS systems in the fixed service in the 24 25–27 5 Ghz frequency range in region 2"},{"key":"ref67","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sharing and compatibility studies of high altitude platform station systems in the fixed service in the 38–39 5 Ghz frequency range"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/35.846086"},{"key":"ref69","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Radio Communication Conference 2019 (WRC-19) Final Acts"},{"key":"ref197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2663762"},{"key":"ref198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2719628"},{"key":"ref199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2019.1800020"},{"key":"ref193","first-page":"11","article-title":"Enhanced OFDM for 5G RAN","volume":"15","author":"ankaral?","year":"2020","journal-title":"ZTE Commun"},{"key":"ref194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2012.2233451"},{"key":"ref195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1975.tb02043.x"},{"key":"ref196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2003.816943"},{"key":"ref95","year":"2021","journal-title":"MicroLink Devices"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C6EE01182A"},{"key":"ref190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2014.2328098"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4676"},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.2008.2009832"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2017.06.024"},{"key":"ref192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/iMac4s.2013.6526477"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ast.2006.06.001"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/eucass\/201609003"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2017.07.054"},{"key":"ref99","author":"latva-aho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Key drivers and research challenges for 6G ubiquitous wireless intelligence"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2018.03.002"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2009.06.003"},{"key":"ref82","year":"2021","journal-title":"What’s Up With Stratobus?"},{"key":"ref81","year":"2021","journal-title":"Flying Aquila Early lessons from the first full-scale test flight and the path ahead"},{"key":"ref84","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phasa-35"},{"key":"ref83","year":"2021","journal-title":"HAPSMobile"},{"key":"ref80","year":"2021","journal-title":"Zephyr Pioneering the Stratosphere"},{"key":"ref89","author":"phillips","year":"1980","journal-title":"Some Design Considerations for Solar-Powered Aircraft"},{"key":"ref85","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phasa-35 First Flight"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWSYM.1988.22031"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWSYM.1986.1132233"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2013.01.007"},{"key":"ref200","author":"consumerlab","year":"2021","journal-title":"10 Hot Consumertrends 2030 The Internet of Senses"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2935192"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-019-1438-9"},{"key":"ref209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SIPROCESS.2016.7888294"},{"key":"ref203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2010.2089549"},{"key":"ref204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2813325"},{"key":"ref201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISIT.2005.1523482"},{"key":"ref202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2009.05.070224"},{"key":"ref207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1587\/transcom.E98.B.403"},{"key":"ref208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2019.1800598"},{"key":"ref205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2973394"},{"key":"ref206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2019.2950320"},{"key":"ref211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-015-2333-2"},{"key":"ref210","first-page":"39","article-title":"Low-latency MAC-layer handoff for a high-altitude platform delivering broadband communications","volume":"2010","author":"grace","year":"2010","journal-title":"URSI Radio Sci Bull"},{"key":"ref212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-015-2758-7"},{"key":"ref213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WCSP.2016.7752747"},{"key":"ref214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-2672-0_5"},{"key":"ref215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IAEAC.2017.8054225"},{"key":"ref216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WOCC.2019.8770576"},{"key":"ref217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WCSP.2019.8927845"},{"key":"ref218","first-page":"11","article-title":"Directional traffic-aware intra-HAP handoff scheme for HAP communications systems","volume":"2010","author":"li","year":"2010","journal-title":"URSI Radio Sci Bull"},{"key":"ref219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11767-011-0574-0"},{"key":"ref220","first-page":"29","article-title":"Inter-high-altitude-platform handoff for communications systems with directional antennas","volume":"2010","author":"katzis","year":"2010","journal-title":"URSI Radio Sci Bull"},{"key":"ref222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSPCC.2013.6664145"},{"key":"ref221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VETECF.2010.5594593"},{"key":"ref229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2018.1800191"},{"key":"ref228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2975072"},{"key":"ref227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2015.7045396"},{"key":"ref226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2018.1700622"},{"key":"ref225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMNETSAT.2019.8844057"},{"key":"ref224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICUAS.2019.8797881"},{"key":"ref223","author":"hehtke","year":"2017","journal-title":"An Autonomous Mission Management System to Assist Decision Making of a HALE Operator"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOMW.2008.ECP.104"},{"key":"ref126","first-page":"1","article-title":"Physical-statistical model for the land mobile-satellite channel applied to satellite\/HAP-MIMO","author":"king","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc 11th VDE Eur Wireless Conf Next Gener Wireless Mobile Commun Services"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC.2004.1311559"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECC.2004.1269548"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2010.2042629"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SPACOMM.2010.16"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-011-0314-7"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2019.03.002"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2016.2637862"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-013-1311-9"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2012.2236691"},{"key":"ref232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2019.2927313"},{"key":"ref233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.001.1800594"},{"key":"ref230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2930229"},{"key":"ref231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2971645"},{"key":"ref239","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ism330dhcx Machine Learning Core"},{"key":"ref238","author":"dirvin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Next-Generation Armv8 1-M Architecture Delivering Enhanced Machine Learning and Signal Processing for the Smallest Embedded Devices"},{"key":"ref235","author":"darwish","year":"2020","journal-title":"A vision of self-evolving network management for future intelligent vertical HetNet"},{"key":"ref234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2923702"},{"key":"ref237","author":"chandler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microchip Introduces the Industry’s First MCU With Integrated 2D GPU and Integrated DDR2 Memory for Ground Breaking Graphics Capabilities"},{"key":"ref236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics8111289","article-title":"Machine learning in resource-scarce embedded systems, FPGAs, and end-devices: A survey","volume":"8","author":"branco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CC.2017.7897321"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2018.2885798"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2961178"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/cje.2019.03.012"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2002-1910"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/3.626196"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.1386641"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-28677-8_3"},{"key":"ref143","first-page":"50","article-title":"WiMAX HAPS-based downlink performance employing geometrical and statistical propagation-channel characteristics","volume":"2010","author":"palma-l\u00e1zgare","year":"2010","journal-title":"URSI Radio Sci Bull"},{"key":"ref2","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radio Regulations Articles"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICWT.2017.8284132"},{"key":"ref1","article-title":"Study on new radio (NR) to support non-terrestrial networks v.15.4.0 (rel. 15)","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref145","first-page":"336","article-title":"Effect of imperfect CSI on interference alignment in multiple-high altitude platforms based communication","volume":"29","author":"sudheesh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys Commun"},{"key":"ref241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2017.2718526"},{"key":"ref242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2018.2798920"},{"key":"ref243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2823725"},{"key":"ref244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2916583"},{"key":"ref240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/JCC.2019.08.001"},{"key":"ref248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-11051-2_109"},{"key":"ref247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeue.2018.05.002"},{"key":"ref246","first-page":"1574","article-title":"Mobile collaborative computing on the fly","volume":"58","author":"hochul","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref245","first-page":"9017","article-title":"FastGRNN: A fast, accurate, stable and tiny kilobyte sized gated recurrent neural network","author":"kusupati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Adv Neural Inf Process Syst (NIPS)"},{"key":"ref249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCAAW.2019.8904886"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4890850"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2013.2247557"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4795787"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2013.2242833"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/lsa.2014.99"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2018.1700659"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2923997"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2019.2936025"},{"key":"ref111","year":"2021","journal-title":"NTT DOCOMO and Metawave Announce Successful Demonstration of 28 GHz-band 5G Using World’s First Meta-Structure Technology"},{"key":"ref112","year":"2021","journal-title":"Greenerwave"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.25.008584"},{"key":"ref250","year":"2021","journal-title":"AMSAT-U K"},{"key":"ref251","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2018.2868322"},{"key":"ref254","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2014.7037373"},{"key":"ref255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2014.2332335"},{"key":"ref252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2020.2972352"},{"key":"ref253","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SPAWC.2017.8227766"},{"key":"ref257","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2019.8761330"},{"key":"ref256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCSpring.2019.8746581"},{"key":"ref259","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MILCOM.2017.8170850"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3365609.3365859"},{"key":"ref258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2019.2900676"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2005.1423332"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-006-9184-9"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"20","article-title":"Concepts and main applications of high-altitude-platform radio relays","volume":"2009","author":"gavan","year":"2009","journal-title":"URSI Radio Sci Bull"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTQE.2010.2047382"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"67","article-title":"ITU’s regulatory framework, technical studies in ITU-R, and future activities in relation to high-altitude-platform stations (HAPS)","volume":"2010","author":"aubineau","year":"2010","journal-title":"URSI Radio Sci Bull"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2011.2159690"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2915069"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5028\/jatm.v8i3.699"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2020.3024887"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470997437"},{"key":"ref19","author":"grace","year":"2011","journal-title":"Broadband Communications via High Altitude Platforms"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/25.289418"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2000350"},{"key":"ref113","author":"long","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reflections in the sky Joint trajectory and passive beamforming design for secure UAV networks with reconfigurable intelligent surface"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2020.3002955","article-title":"Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces vs. relaying: Differences, similarities, and performance comparison","volume":"1","author":"ntontin","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Open J Commun Soc"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOMW.2018.8644519"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wcm.58"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/el:20010084"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/49.995523"},{"key":"ref123","year":"2019","journal-title":"Propagation data required for design systems in the land mobile-satellite service"},{"key":"ref260","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2017.2719924"},{"key":"ref261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2019.2892461"},{"key":"ref262","first-page":"1","article-title":"Secure UAV communication in the presence of active eavesdropper","author":"liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Int Conf Wireless Commun Signal Process (WCSP)"},{"key":"ref263","first-page":"1","article-title":"Secure UAV communication in the presence of active eavesdropper","author":"hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Global Commun Conf (GLOBECOM)"},{"key":"ref264","author":"chu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Feasibility of quantum key distribution from high altitude platforms"},{"key":"ref265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3464392"},{"key":"ref266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2904945"}],"container-title":["IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/9739\/9438976\/09380673.pdf?arnumber=9380673","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]],"date-time":"2024-01-26T19:10:58Z","timestamp":1706296258000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9380673\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"references-count":268,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/comst.2021.3066905","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-877X","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2373-745X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}}}