{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T15:06:45Z","timestamp":1784905605609,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":167,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/comst.2022.3184448","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]],"date-time":"2022-06-20T20:24:26Z","timestamp":1655756666000},"page":"1504-1533","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":151,"title":["Electric Vehicle Charging: A Survey on the Security Issues and Challenges of the Open Charge Point Protocol (OCPP)"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2070-6855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zacharenia","family":"Garofalaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics, University of Piraeus, Piraeus, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9677-8594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Kosmanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0164-8322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sotiris","family":"Moschoyiannis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8824-7216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Kallergis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics and Computer Engineering, University of West Attica, Aegaleo, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6849-6693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christos","family":"Douligeris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics, University of Piraeus, Piraeus, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"Open vs. closed charging stations: Advantages and disadvantages","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PARC49193.2020.236595"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3437258"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2020.102150"},{"key":"ref5","volume-title":"Open Charge Alliance","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref6","volume-title":"Enable innovation and cost efficiency with OCPP","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref7","volume-title":"Innovation and cost-efficiency in four letters: OCPP","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref8","volume-title":"Open charge alliance\u2014Our mission","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b19664"},{"key":"ref10","volume-title":"Cyberattacks on Cars Increased 2% in Last Three Years","author":"Blum","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2021.102511"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2020.2994177"},{"key":"ref13","volume-title":"Open Charge Point Protocol 2.0.1","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref14","volume-title":"Open Charge Point Protocol 1.6","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref15","article-title":"OCPP 2.0.1, part 2\u2014Specification","author":"Buve","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref16","volume-title":"The world\u2019s first large-scale migration of OCPP based PEV charging infrastructure","author":"Wargers"},{"key":"ref17","volume-title":"Importance of open charge point protocol for the electric vehicle industry","author":"van Amstel","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"OCPP 2.0.1, part 1\u2014Architecture & topology","author":"Buve","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en13123263"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3396851.3397697"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SPEEDAM.2016.7526036"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2831254"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOBECOM38437.2019.9013481"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-04864-8"},{"key":"ref25","volume-title":"Security of EV-charging protocols","author":"Van Aubel","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NOF.2015.7333288"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2015.07.007"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"Task 3.3.1 review of existing power transfer solutions EU seventh framework programme","author":"Emre","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SEDST.2015.7315217"},{"key":"ref30","volume-title":"Background Open Charge Alliance","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/bsiso15118"},{"key":"ref32","article-title":"Road vehicles\u2014Vehicle to grid communication interface\u2014Part 1: General information and use-case definition","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref33","article-title":"OCPP 2.0.1, part 0\u2014Introduction","author":"Buve","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30312677"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PAEE.2019.8788983"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2172\/1559930"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3339252.3339269"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SST.2018.8564701"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.001.1900348"},{"key":"ref40","article-title":"Scaling up electric vehicle charging infrastructure","author":"Bilolikar","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref41","article-title":"Los angeles air force base vehicle-to-grid demonstration: Final project report","author":"Douglas","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref42","article-title":"ECHONET lite specification, version 1.13","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-25939-6_28"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2197\/ipsjjip.28.668"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s38311-020-0335-5"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315219578-21"},{"key":"ref47","article-title":"Open Intercharge protocol, version 2.2","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30375562u"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30246907u"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30246907u"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30312677u"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-23393-8_6"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42162-020-0103-1"},{"key":"ref54","article-title":"Securing the electric vehicle charging infrastructure","author":"Metere","year":"2021","journal-title":"arXiv:2105.02905"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6028\/nist.ir.8284"},{"key":"ref56","article-title":"Networking layer specification","author":"M\u00e1rquez","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2020.109835"},{"key":"ref58","article-title":"ICT requirements specifications","author":"Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en11092360"},{"key":"ref60","volume-title":"Electric Vehicle\u2014Smart Grid Integration: Load Modeling, Scheduling, and Cyber Security","author":"Chung","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/UPEC49904.2020.9209862"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2016.06.006"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2017.10.002"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2017.2669647"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SEGE52446.2021.9535052"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/er.7206"},{"key":"ref67","volume-title":"Cyber Security for Smart Cities\u2014An Architecture Model for Public Transport","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref68","article-title":"EV charging systems security requirements, version 1.0","author":"van den Brink","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2011.2161428"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3407023.3407066"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2019.100214"},{"key":"ref72","first-page":"1","article-title":"The need for cybersecurity within the electric vehicle infrastructure\u2014A study on the use of digital signatures in the electric vehicle infrastructure","volume-title":"Proc. 30th Int. Elect. Veh. Symp. Exhibit. (EVS)","author":"van den Brink"},{"key":"ref73","article-title":"An end-to-end security design for smart EV-charging for Enexis and ElaadNL","author":"van Eekelen","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SmartGridComm.2014.7007769"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2014.2332121"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISIE.2019.8781306"},{"key":"ref77","first-page":"407","article-title":"Losing the car keys: Wireless phy-layer insecurity in EV charging","volume-title":"Proc. 28th USENIX Security Symp.","author":"Baker"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3327961.3329529"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3418685"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3230833.3230850"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2020.3044890"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.2977361"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOMW.2013.6562908"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2016.2522379"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2019.2908698"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2020.2966160"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.2976960"},{"key":"ref88","article-title":"Trusted platform module library 2.0, revision 01.59, revision 01.59","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3341105.3373879"},{"key":"ref90","article-title":"Open-source, open-architecture software platform for plug-in electric vehicle smart charging in California","author":"Lipman","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.IR.8294"},{"key":"ref92","article-title":"Secure and user-friendly EV charging a comparison of Autocharge and ISO 15118\u2019s plug & charge","author":"Heinrich","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCE50685.2021.9427734"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-0749-3_70"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2855563"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3005926"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC.2018.8377181"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2021.3083696"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NTMS.2018.8328675"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IWCMC48107.2020.9148231"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2020.2990732"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2019.2958971"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2018.2810232"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2018.2812149"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IOTM.0001.1900081"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-17140-6_24"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3129676.3129693"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00450-017-0348-5"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSS.2019.2917335"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICBC48266.2020.9169419"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2736886"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISGTEurope.2019.8905444"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCNC.2016.7444917"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2020.101896"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2015.2425222"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2020.2994177"},{"key":"ref117","first-page":"1","article-title":"Hybrid cascaded operation of distribution grids","volume-title":"Proc. Int. ETG Congr. ETG Symp.","author":"Uhlig"},{"key":"ref118","first-page":"1","article-title":"Enhancing operational awareness of distribution system operators with a semi-autonomous intelligent grid control suite","volume-title":"Proc. CIRED 25th Int. Conf. Elect. Distrib. (CIRED)","author":"Kubis"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2950372"},{"key":"ref120","article-title":"Overview SEEV4-city playing field state-of-the-art assessment of smart charging and vehicle 2 grid services","author":"Putrus","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00502-016-0454-2"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/UPEC.2012.6398639"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etran.2019.100012"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2017.2731971"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/b978-0-12-816055-8.00009-9"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-27547-1_21"},{"key":"ref127","volume-title":"A Systems Approach to Designing New Mobility and Smart Grid Services: The World\u2019s Smartest Grid Showcase","author":"Aspragkathos","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref128","article-title":"H2020-646184 NOBEL GRID new cost efficient business models for flexible smart grids","author":"Delgado-Gomes","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21155053"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2018.1700344"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b19664-7"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-0749-3_66"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.10.018"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CDC.2011.6160456"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2018.2800908"},{"key":"ref136","volume-title":"Literature review on power utility best practices regarding electric vehicles","author":"Hall","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2172\/1439271"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2022.02.097"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/IJCWT.2020040104"},{"key":"ref140","volume-title":"Electric vehicle charging points mobile application","author":"D\u00edaz","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIINFS.2018.8721417"},{"key":"ref142","first-page":"1","article-title":"Detecting false data injection attacks on DC state estimation","volume-title":"Proc. 1st Workshop Secure Control Syst. (SCS)","author":"Bobba"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-0602-4_18"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2015.2455513"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2013.2274288"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref146","first-page":"28","article-title":"A survey of group signature technique, its applications and attacks","volume":"2","author":"Agarwal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Innov. Technol."},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2012.2224387"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2013.2295032"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en7052780"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2011.01.006"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2011.2163950"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2012.86"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sec.78"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2016.2532840"},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICITCS.2014.7021815"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00450-017-0342-y"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2013.2291004"},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2017.2665654"},{"key":"ref159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2017.2670144"},{"key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.array.2019.100013"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2017.2664043"},{"key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISGT.2013.6497830"},{"key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-33167-1_23"},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2013.6704476"},{"key":"ref165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sec.331"},{"key":"ref166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CC.2015.7084359"},{"key":"ref167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2018.10.014"}],"container-title":["IEEE Communications Surveys &amp; Tutorials"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/9739\/9864286\/09800931.pdf?arnumber=9800931","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T05:39:54Z","timestamp":1706765994000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9800931\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"references-count":167,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/comst.2022.3184448","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-877X","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2373-745X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}}}