{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T23:27:08Z","timestamp":1780356428087,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":244,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFB1714100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFB1714100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020YFB1806700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFB1806700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61925101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61925101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61831002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61831002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"NSF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CNS-2107216"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNS-2107216"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"NSF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CNS-2128368"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNS-2128368"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Lab","award":["2021KF0AB03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021KF0AB03"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/comst.2022.3204702","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]],"date-time":"2022-09-06T19:24:44Z","timestamp":1662492284000},"page":"353-385","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":113,"title":["Blockchain Systems, Technologies, and Applications: A Methodology Perspective"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8839-243X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bin","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zixin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3659-3405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Long","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Communications, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0667-1150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daquan","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Digital Creative Technology, the Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Digital Creative Technology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4755-7231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mugen","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4767-3849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6606-5822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhu","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system","author":"Nakamoto","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref2","volume-title":"Ethereum whitepaper","author":"Buterin","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref3","volume-title":"Nxt: A peer-to-peer digital socioeconomic system","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SPW.2015.27"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2907658"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2016.7795984"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDSP.2017.8096051"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2019.2898900"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3025953"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/iCCECOME.2018.8658586"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2020.02.252"},{"key":"ref12","volume-title":"Forecast: Blockchain Business Value, Worldwide, 2017-2030","author":"Granetto","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2863956"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcan.2020.06.002"},{"key":"ref15","article-title":"Blockchain-based smart contracts\u2014Applications and challenges","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv:1810.04699"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3417987"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2842460"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2020.2975999"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"Blockchain consensus algorithms: A survey","author":"Ferdous","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv:2001.07091"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2896108"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2020.2969706"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.001.1800290"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2965147"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42979-020-00123-0"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2020.102693"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2021.3115797"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2882794"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0269888920000284"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2899617"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2020.2989392"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2894727"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2999213"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2909924"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2020.2975911"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.101.2100208"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2021.3088912"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1168\/3\/032077"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tetc.2021.3099701"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2020.2980303"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTC52510.2021.9621046"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2019.1900002"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-7998-3444-1.ch005"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3539604"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2890557"},{"key":"ref45","article-title":"BE-RAN: Blockchain-enabled open RAN with decentralized identity management and privacy-preserving communication","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"arXiv:2101.10856"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSC.2019.2962677"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.001.2000172"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.011.2000138"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tmc.2022.3190449"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2021.3086490"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2021.3104325"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2020.3004718"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tnse.2022.3174688"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2022.3170577"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2020.3045776"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2021.3052830"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tii.2022.3169978"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jiot.2022.3171926"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2020.3047206"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2021.3131711"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11091374"},{"key":"ref62","first-page":"95","article-title":"Monoxide: Scale out blockchains with asynchronous consensus zones","volume-title":"Proc. 16th USENIX Symp. Netw. Syst. Design Implement.","author":"Wang"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41109-020-0254-9"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2019.2938001"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3392153"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3022227.3022325"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2730843"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSC.2018.2823705"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CyberC.2019.00046"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2020.3042392"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3018878"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBDATA.2020.2981438"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tii.2022.3167663"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2020.2973248"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2020.2999721"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2019.2952332"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2018.2883629"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/ICACT.2017.7890132"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2020.106585"},{"key":"ref80","volume-title":"The swirlds hashgraph consensus algorithm: Fair, fast, Byzantine fault tolerance","author":"Baird","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref81","volume-title":"The tangle","author":"Popov","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3190508.3190538"},{"key":"ref83","volume-title":"EOSIO\u2014The most powerful infrastructure for decentralized applications","author":"Kumaraswamy","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref84","first-page":"45","article-title":"Bitcoin-NG: A scalable blockchain protocol","volume-title":"Proc. 13th Symp. Netw. Syst. Design Implement. (NSDI)","author":"Eyal"},{"key":"ref85","article-title":"Atomic crosschain transactions white paper","author":"Robinson","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv:2003.00903"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2020.2982627"},{"key":"ref87","volume-title":"Probability, Random Variables, and Stochastic Processes","author":"Papoulis","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2020.3000806"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/SERIES1345"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2019.2895471"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12083-015-0347-x"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2020.2991994"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11203-018-9171-2"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WI.2018.00-23"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003066606-1"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10723-020-09530-2"},{"key":"ref97","article-title":"Stochastic modeling approaches for analyzing blockchain: A survey","author":"Kang","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv:2009.05945"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CDC.2018.8619082"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NCA.2018.8548070"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2018.8485982"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EuroSP.2016.32"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2021.3049915"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2019.2959772"},{"key":"ref104","article-title":"Stochastic performance modeling for practical Byzantine fault tolerance consensus in blockchain","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"arXiv:2107.00183"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITME.2018.00196"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2020.2971469"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2019.2903559"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2905743"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2018.2866365"},{"key":"ref110","volume-title":"Game Theory, Analysis of Conflict","author":"Myerson","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/cbo9780511895043"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1969529"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2015.13"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/ChiCC.2017.8027553"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2018.2820009"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tvt.2022.3184965"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC49053.2021.9417501"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3049227"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2022.3162075"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2021.3113390"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2940716.2940773"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC40277.2020.9149311"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2919613"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3337772"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2846401"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2018.8500403"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4544","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2019.2915253","volume":"50","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cybern."},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/Blockchain.2019.00023"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2988304"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSE.2020.3038943"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2018.8648141"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2945600"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIBA50161.2020.9277011"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2019.2902563"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2018.8422632"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2018.8422743"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCChina.2017.8330529"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2018.1701095"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2871706"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2018.2864758"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2944213"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.2982000"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACC.2006.1655436"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-11597-8_14"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1561\/2200000016"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1004603514434"},{"key":"ref147","first-page":"1","article-title":"Adam: A method for stochastic optimization","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Learn. Represent.","author":"Kingma"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref148","first-page":"2121","article-title":"Adaptive subgradient methods for online learning and stochastic optimization","volume":"12","author":"Duchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2950221"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2019.2950779"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.swevo.2018.08.015"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2017.2720471"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcontrol.2019.05.006"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOBECOM38437.2019.9013778"},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2894944"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BLOC.2019.8751476"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2021.3051607"},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.011.2000183"},{"key":"ref159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCS.2018.8689171"},{"key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2019.8761539"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2020.2983209"},{"key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSC.2019.2947914"},{"key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2019.2957075"},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2019.8761804"},{"key":"ref165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2945081"},{"key":"ref166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NETSOFT.2018.8460035"},{"key":"ref167","volume-title":"Machine Learning","author":"Mitchell","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/219717.219768"},{"key":"ref169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCONS.2018.8663155"},{"key":"ref170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.301"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2957425"},{"key":"ref172","article-title":"Transaction confirmation time prediction in Ethereum blockchain using machine learning","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv:1911.11592"},{"key":"ref173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCI.2010.938364"},{"key":"ref174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/atsip.2013.9"},{"key":"ref175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2007.898446"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","article-title":"Random forests","volume":"43","author":"Breiman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"ref177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14539"},{"key":"ref178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2017.07.005"},{"key":"ref179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2988450.2988454"},{"key":"ref180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-49785-9_7"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2022.01.030"},{"key":"ref182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-9605-3_14"},{"key":"ref183","article-title":"Anomaly detection in blockchain networks: A comprehensive survey","author":"Hassan","year":"2021","journal-title":"arXiv:2112.06089"},{"key":"ref184","volume-title":"Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning (Information Science and Statistics)","author":"Bishop","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-018-09679-z"},{"key":"ref186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2732196"},{"key":"ref187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CEEC.2018.8674185"},{"key":"ref188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNN.1998.712192"},{"key":"ref189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470400531.eorms0714"},{"key":"ref190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2019.2921755"},{"key":"ref191","first-page":"1273","article-title":"Communication-efficient learning of deep networks from decentralized data","volume-title":"Proc. Artif. Intell. Statist.","author":"McMahan"},{"key":"ref192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tnnls.2021.3105810"},{"key":"ref193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2018.2798607"},{"key":"ref194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2020.3036778"},{"key":"ref195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2916583"},{"key":"ref196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2021.3127267"},{"key":"ref197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2021.108004"},{"key":"ref198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2020.3019101"},{"key":"ref199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3072611"},{"key":"ref200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2881431"},{"key":"ref201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IWCMC.2019.8766765"},{"key":"ref202","article-title":"Anomaly detection in bitcoin network using unsupervised learning methods","author":"Pham","year":"2016","journal-title":"arXiv:1611.03941"},{"key":"ref203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/APNOMS.2019.8892935"},{"key":"ref204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.011.2000514"},{"key":"ref205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2021.3076780"},{"key":"ref206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISNCC.2019.8909175"},{"key":"ref207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2019.8761206"},{"key":"ref208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.001.2000409"},{"key":"ref209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2021.3055767"},{"key":"ref210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3016644"},{"key":"ref211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.001.1900095"},{"key":"ref212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDMW.2018.00024"},{"key":"ref213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2019.8683228"},{"key":"ref214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2020.3007817"},{"key":"ref215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3035437"},{"key":"ref216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3007650"},{"key":"ref217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TEM.2019.2922936"},{"key":"ref218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3060457"},{"key":"ref219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CSNDSP49049.2020.9249549"},{"key":"ref220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCS.2018.8689228"},{"key":"ref221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2020.3007770"},{"key":"ref222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2459691"},{"key":"ref223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2958788"},{"key":"ref224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2018.10.020"},{"key":"ref225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2940148"},{"key":"ref226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECCO48375.2019.9043192"},{"key":"ref227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/Cybermatics_2018.2018.00213"},{"key":"ref228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCN.2017.8038516"},{"key":"ref229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HiPCW.2018.8634280"},{"key":"ref230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MDM.2019.000-2"},{"key":"ref231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ANTS.2017.8384164"},{"key":"ref232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITNEC.2019.8729244"},{"key":"ref233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACCS.2019.8728462"},{"key":"ref234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAEM.2019.8853836"},{"key":"ref235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/JCC.2019.06.006"},{"key":"ref236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DAPPCON.2019.00025"},{"key":"ref237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCS.2019.00190"},{"key":"ref238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/Blockchain.2019.00013"},{"key":"ref239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/Blockchain.2019.00020"},{"key":"ref240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2877634"},{"key":"ref241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DSN.2019.00061"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref242","first-page":"1","article-title":"Survey on smart contract based on blockchain system","volume":"46","author":"Fan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/hotchips.2005.7476590"},{"key":"ref244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4176506"}],"container-title":["IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/ielam\/9739\/10051138\/9878138-aam.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/9739\/10051138\/09878138.pdf?arnumber=9878138","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,2]],"date-time":"2024-03-02T06:29:25Z","timestamp":1709360965000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9878138\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"references-count":244,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/comst.2022.3204702","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-877X","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2373-745X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}}}