{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T16:13:46Z","timestamp":1793290426968,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":237,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union in the SPATIAL Project","award":["101021808l"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101021808l"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Confidential-6G","award":["101096435"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101096435"]}]},{"name":"Robust-6G","award":["101139068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101139068"]}]},{"name":"Science Foundation Ireland under the CONNECT Phase 2 Projects","award":["13\/RC\/2077_P2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13\/RC\/2077_P2"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0271asj38","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/comst.2024.3437248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]],"date-time":"2024-08-02T13:36:23Z","timestamp":1722605783000},"page":"941-973","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["A Survey on XAI for 5G and Beyond Security: Technical Aspects, Challenges and Research Directions"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8413-3019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thulitha","family":"Senevirathna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinh Hoa","family":"La","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Montimage, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8522-2707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Marcha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VTT Technical Research Centre, Espoo, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8249-7652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bartlomiej","family":"Siniarski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4786-030X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madhusanka","family":"Liyanage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3660-1206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2021.3078081"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2021.3071496"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.001.1900273"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.001.1900287"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11432-020-2955-6"},{"key":"ref6","volume-title":"Wireless security in LTE networks","author":"Paolini","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOMW.2007.4437813"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2016.82"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119293071"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2018.1870857"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3372823"},{"key":"ref12","article-title":"A machine learning based intrusion detection system for software defined 5g network","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"arXiv:1708.04571"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IECON.2018.8591457"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3301275.3308446"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.001.1900323"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"A comprehensive survey of 6G wireless communications","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"arXiv:2101.03889"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2020.3010270"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-019-0355-6"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2018.2848498"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.001.1900333"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2019.1900271"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2021.3057679"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2020.07.035"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.001.1900476"},{"key":"ref25","article-title":"Towards ubiquitous ai in 6G with federated learning","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv:2004.13563"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EuCNC\/6GSummit51104.2021.9482503"},{"key":"ref27","volume-title":"Sec-EdgeAI: AI for Edge Security Vs Security for Edge AI: The 1st 6G Wireless Summit","author":"Porambage","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3048050"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2021.3108618"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.001.1900516"},{"key":"ref31","article-title":"Intelligent security and pervasive trust for 5G and beyond","author":"Millar","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5120\/ijca2016908539"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2717852"},{"key":"ref34","volume-title":"Artificial Intelligence Cybersecurity Challenges; Threat Landscape for Artificial Intelligence","author":"Caroline","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1128817.1128824"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2000050"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2019.12.012"},{"key":"ref38","article-title":"Opportunities and challenges in explainable artificial intelligence (XAI): A survey","author":"Das","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv:2006.11371"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2920987"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3063686"},{"key":"ref41","article-title":"Wireless AI: Enabling an ai-governed data life cycle","author":"Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv:2003.00866"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3580219.3580226"},{"key":"ref43","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pervasive artificial intelligence in next generation wireless: The Hexa-X project perspective","volume-title":"Proc. CEUR Workshop","author":"Filippou"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EuroSPW51379.2020.00045"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2022.06.036"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.016.220047"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3287195"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2300172"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2024.3386872"},{"key":"ref50","article-title":"Next-generation wireless solutions for the smart factory, smart vehicles, the smart grid and smart cities","author":"Ho","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv:1907.10102"},{"key":"ref51","article-title":"Thz precoding for 6G: Applications, challenges, solutions, and opportunities","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv:2005.10752"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JETCAS.2020.3000103"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/538020a"},{"key":"ref54","article-title":"Stakeholders in explainable AI","author":"Preece","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv:1810.00184"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2020.3027314"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3236009"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging6060052"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N16-3020"},{"key":"ref59","first-page":"1","article-title":"A unified approach to interpreting model predictions","volume-title":"Proc. 31st Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Lundberg"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-0557-2_87"},{"key":"ref61","first-page":"5045","article-title":"Programmatically interpretable reinforcement learning","volume-title":"Proc. 35th Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","author":"Verma"},{"key":"ref62","article-title":"Hierarchical and interpretable skill acquisition in multi-task reinforcement learning","author":"Shu","year":"2017","journal-title":"arXiv:1712.07294"},{"key":"ref63","first-page":"65","article-title":"Clustering: Science or art?","volume-title":"Proc. ICML Workshop Unsupervised Transf. Learn.","author":"Von Luxburg"},{"key":"ref64","first-page":"329","article-title":"The use and interpretation of principal component analysis in applied research","volume":"26","author":"Rao","year":"1964","journal-title":"Sankhy\u0101 Indian J. Stat., Ser. A"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1015330.1015408"},{"key":"ref66","article-title":"ExKMC: Expanding explainable k-means clustering","author":"Frost","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv:2006.02399"},{"key":"ref67","article-title":"Explainable k-means and k-medians clustering","author":"Dasgupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv:2002.12538"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2980581"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CNS.2019.8802833"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.2019.8852333"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC48978.2021.9565120"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-04083-2_7"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3359992.3366639"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3383455.3422530"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAPAI49758.2021.9462056"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3366423.3380087"},{"key":"ref77","first-page":"15","article-title":"Explaining deep classification of time-series data with learned prototypes","volume-title":"Proc. CEUR Workshop","author":"Gee"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41060-022-00351-y"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2020\/277"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2852004"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TFUZZ.2020.3005293"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FUZZ-IEEE.2019.8858933"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA603196"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-30493-5_43"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-019-02039-4"},{"key":"ref86","article-title":"Interpretable to whom? a role-based model for analyzing interpretable machine learning systems","author":"Tomsett","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv:1806.07552"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aimag.v38i3.2741"},{"key":"ref88","volume-title":"NSL-KDD Dataset"},{"key":"ref89","volume-title":"What is the radio access network?"},{"key":"ref90","volume-title":"What are Radio Access Networks (RAN)? Complete Overview"},{"key":"ref91","article-title":"Understanding o-ran: Architecture, interfaces, algorithms, security, and research challenges","author":"Polese","year":"2022","journal-title":"arXiv:2202.01032"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IWCMC48107.2020.9148093"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2021.3101806"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2020.2992604"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10207-022-00644-0"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2022.101626"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SSP49050.2021.9513738"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2023.3265341"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2022.3155970"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISNCC49221.2020.9297290"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-020-07231-3"},{"key":"ref102","volume-title":"O-RAN AI\/ML workflow description and requirements 1.03","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.002.2200079"},{"key":"ref104","volume-title":"Study on security for near real time RIC and xApps","author":"Group","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2022.3146618"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2017.9"},{"key":"ref107","volume-title":"The Vital Role of Edge Computing in the Internet of Things","author":"Floyer","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMLA51294.2020.00142"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SEC.2018.00019"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2016.2579198"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3469029"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-020-04772-3"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2021.3112100"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INISTA52262.2021.9548125"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2019.2908056"},{"key":"ref116","article-title":"Edge intelligence: Architectures, challenges, and applications","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv:2003.12172"},{"key":"ref117","first-page":"4","volume-title":"Mobile Broadband Backhaul: Addressing the Challenge: Planning Backhaul Networks","author":"Chundury","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOBECOM48099.2022.10000989"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2017.11.004"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b17352-10"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCFall.2012.6399037"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/49.824799"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2017.2754264"},{"key":"ref124","article-title":"Optimizing mobile backhaul using machine learning","author":"Abdulkadir","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IWCMC55113.2022.9824403"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-005-4609-5"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3270101.3270105"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NGMAST.2015.43"},{"key":"ref129","article-title":"Wireless backhaul in 5G and beyond: Issues, challenges and opportunities","author":"Tezergil","year":"2021","journal-title":"arXiv:2103.08234"},{"key":"ref130","volume-title":"What is 5G network slicing?","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/itl2.125"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2019.2924345"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2019.2896950"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2017.8057045"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/ONDM48393.2020.9133004"},{"key":"ref136","volume-title":"Network Functions Virtualisation (NFV) Release 3; Evolution and Ecosystem; Report on Network Slicing Support with ETSI NFV Architecture Framework","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref137","first-page":"1885","article-title":"Understanding black-box predictions via influence functions","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","author":"Koh"},{"key":"ref138","article-title":"Counterfactual explanations for machine learning: Challenges revisited","author":"Verma","year":"2021","journal-title":"arXiv:2106.07756"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-29249-2_11"},{"key":"ref140","volume-title":"Best Practices: Explainable AI Powered by Synthetic Data","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref141","volume-title":"Zero-Touch Network and Service Management (ZSM); Reference Architecture","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2904897"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-51295-8_1"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.001.1900252"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCNW.2018.8628538"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01554-1_9"},{"key":"ref147","volume-title":"Zero-Touch Network and Service Management (ZSM); General Security Aspects","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref148","article-title":"Explainable artificial intelligence approaches: A survey","author":"Islam","year":"2021","journal-title":"arXiv:2101.09429"},{"key":"ref149","article-title":"Intent-driven autonomous network and service management in future cellular networks: A structured literature review","author":"Mehmood","year":"2021","journal-title":"arXiv:2108.04560"},{"key":"ref150","volume-title":"Zero-Touch Network and Service Management (ZSM); Means of Automation","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46586\/tosc.v2021.i2.1-30"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3104833"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2021.108671"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2006.14"},{"key":"ref155","article-title":"Lightweight and unobtrusive privacy preservation for remote inference via edge data obfuscation","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv:1912.09859"},{"key":"ref156","first-page":"201","article-title":"CryptoNets: Applying neural networks to encrypted data with high throughput and accuracy","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","author":"Gilad-Bachrach"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-99-3668-7_12"},{"key":"ref158","first-page":"545","article-title":"Data-oblivious data structures","volume-title":"Proc. 31st Int. Symp. Theor. Aspects Comput. Sci. (STACS 2014)","author":"Mitchell"},{"key":"ref159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CSNDSP54353.2022.9907895"},{"key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218488502001648"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/info13080395"},{"key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2020.2986024"},{"key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN48605.2020.9207637"},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2024.3470774"},{"key":"ref165","article-title":"Large language models in 6G security: challenges and opportunities","author":"Nguyen","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2403.12239"},{"key":"ref166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.005.2400019"},{"key":"ref167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2024.3465447"},{"key":"ref168","article-title":"Pushing large language models to the 6G edge: Vision, challenges, and opportunities","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2309.16739"},{"key":"ref169","article-title":"Pentestgpt: An LLM-empowered automatic penetration testing tool","author":"Deng","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2308.06782"},{"key":"ref170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3325727"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN52387.2021.9534113"},{"key":"ref172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BigData59044.2023.10386976"},{"key":"ref173","article-title":"TSTEM: A cognitive platform for collecting cyber threat intelligence in the wild","author":"Balasubramanian","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2402.09973"},{"key":"ref174","article-title":"Cyber sentinel: Exploring conversational agents in streamlining security tasks with GPT-4","author":"Kaheh","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2309.16422"},{"key":"ref175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2024.3384013"},{"key":"ref176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tvt.2024.3395748"},{"key":"ref177","volume-title":"Google\u2019s A.I. Search Errors Cause a Furor Online","author":"Grant","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref178","article-title":"Ethical and social risks of harm from language models","author":"Weidinger","year":"2021","journal-title":"arXiv:2112.04359"},{"key":"ref179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3639372"},{"key":"ref180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-023-00657-x"},{"key":"ref181","article-title":"Probing bert in hyperbolic spaces","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"arXiv:2104.03869"},{"key":"ref182","volume-title":"Language models can explain neurons in language models","author":"Bills","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref183","first-page":"2668","article-title":"Interpretability beyond feature attribution: Quantitative testing with concept activation vectors (TCAV)","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","author":"Kim"},{"key":"ref184","article-title":"Larger language models do in-context learning differently","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2303.03846"},{"key":"ref185","volume-title":"Framework for Improving Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity, Framework Cybersecurity Framework Version 1.1","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2018.07.023"},{"key":"ref187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EuroSP.2019.00044"},{"key":"ref188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3052973.3053009"},{"key":"ref189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2021.3117075"},{"key":"ref190","first-page":"1","article-title":"Adversarial examples are not bugs, they are features","volume-title":"Proc. 33rd Conf. Neural Inf. Process. Syst. (NeurIPS)","author":"Andrew"},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TENCON.2018.8650452"},{"key":"ref192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2021.107871"},{"key":"ref193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-018-1141-2"},{"key":"ref194","first-page":"5558","article-title":"White-box vs black-box: Bayes optimal strategies for membership inference","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","author":"Sablayrolles"},{"key":"ref195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EuCNC\/6GSummit58263.2023.10188316"},{"key":"ref196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN48605.2020.9206780"},{"key":"ref197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-68796-0_18"},{"key":"ref198","first-page":"161","article-title":"Fairwashing: The risk of rationalization","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","author":"A\u2019\u0131vodji"},{"key":"ref199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3375627.3375830"},{"key":"ref200","article-title":"Adversarial machine learning at scale","author":"Kurakin","year":"2016","journal-title":"arXiv:1611.01236"},{"key":"ref201","article-title":"Adversarial training can hurt generalization","author":"Raghunathan","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv:1906.06032"},{"key":"ref202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SPW.2019.00021"},{"key":"ref203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2023.103621"},{"key":"ref204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3474085.3475591"},{"key":"ref205","volume-title":"Artificial intelligence act, directorate-general for communications networks and technology","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3599974"},{"key":"ref207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-87059-1_1"},{"key":"ref208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2023.03.020"},{"key":"ref209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCN61486.2024.10637577"},{"key":"ref210","first-page":"1487","article-title":"{Explanation-Guided} backdoor poisoning attacks against malware classifiers","volume-title":"Proc. 30th USENIX Secur. Symp. (USENIX Secur. 21)","author":"Severi"},{"key":"ref211","volume-title":"SPATIAL-H2020-EU project","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref212","volume-title":"6G-GOALS","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref213","volume-title":"Hexa-X","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref214","volume-title":"HexaXII","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref215","volume-title":"ROBUST6G","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref216","volume-title":"6G Flaghip, Univeristy of Oulu. 2020","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref217","volume-title":"Key drivers and research challenges for 6G ubiquitous wireless intelligence","author":"Aazhang","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref218","volume-title":"iTrust6G","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref219","volume-title":"INSPIRE-5Gplus","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref220","volume-title":"Standard for XAI\u2013Explainable Artificial Intelligence-for Achieving Clarity and Interoperability of AI Systems Design","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref221","volume-title":"Guide for an Architectural Framework for Explainable Artificial Intelligence","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref222","volume-title":"CYBER; Critical Security Controls for Effective Cyber Defence; Part-5: Privacy Enhancement","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref223","volume-title":"Securing Artificial Intelligence (SAI); Problem Statement","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref224","volume-title":"SmartM2M; Artificial Intelligence and the OneM2M Architecture","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref225","volume-title":"SmartM2M; AI for IoT: A Proof of Concept","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref226","volume-title":"Information Technology\u2014Artificial Intelligence\u2014Overview of Trustworthiness in Artificial Intelligence","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref227","volume-title":"Considerations for managing Internet of Things (IoT) Cybersecurity and Privacy Risks","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref228","volume-title":"Security and Privacy Controls for Information Systems and Organizations","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref229","volume-title":"A Proposed Standard on Transparency","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref230","volume-title":"Personal Data AI Agent Working Group","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCNC51644.2023.10059966"},{"key":"ref232","article-title":"Metrics for explainable AI: Challenges and prospects","author":"Hoffman","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv:1812.04608"},{"key":"ref233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2020.3017181"},{"key":"ref234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3112397"},{"key":"ref235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2017.12"},{"key":"ref236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2939410"},{"key":"ref237","article-title":"Explainable AI for quantum machine learning","author":"Steinm\u00fcller","year":"2022","journal-title":"arXiv:2211.01441"}],"container-title":["IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/9739\/10981837\/10620685.pdf?arnumber=10620685","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T14:01:23Z","timestamp":1746453683000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/10620685\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"references-count":237,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/comst.2024.3437248","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-877X","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2373-745X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}}}