{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T22:45:01Z","timestamp":1776379501876,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":400,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/comst.2024.3449031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T17:57:27Z","timestamp":1724435847000},"page":"1488-1535","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["A Tutorial on 5G Positioning"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8424-3493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Italiano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2953-0481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernardo","family":"Camajori Tedeschini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5442-6507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mattia","family":"Brambilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9505-3767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huiping","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7104-7015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica","family":"Nicoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria Gestionale, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1298-6159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henk","family":"Wymeersch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2017.2692307"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2016.2532458"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2921972"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2939938"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2779844"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jii.2018.01.005"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2584178"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2694469"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2948888"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2016.2525418"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3068056"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3063686"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2019.2958352"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2022.3146932"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2905347"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3100472"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2021.3057017"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2018.1700467"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2930628"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3046927"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2022.3215231"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2022.3212586"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3075901"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119911463"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2001096"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2785181"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2014.6736746"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3266981"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2855063"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2016.2634593"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3169267"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2017.2785788"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2014.6736750"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2013.2260813"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2021.3116420"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2021.3100811"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2000310"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2000224"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2019.2960131"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2018.2823500"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2021.3077737"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2020.2992604"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2021.3135829"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2022.3200740"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3037717"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2010.5547916"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2006.05.001"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2004.1299346"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/qtc2.12060"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.006.00340"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jii.2022.100404"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.021.1900608"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.001.2100255"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.001.2000455"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGCN.2022.3144465"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/ICN.2020.0013"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2957648"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2019.2907090"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2841964"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2014.2332611"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.011.2000493"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2018.2832134"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2018.1701092"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2915923"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2022.3160932"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3147495"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2020.2972974"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rob.21918"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2983149"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2906228"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2902862"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2019.2952892"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2887086"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2856587"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10020166"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2020.2986547"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2020.2965527"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGCN.2019.2905225"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MMUL.2018.2879591"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10845-018-1433-8"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.120856"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2019.1630775"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2020.3018325"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10846-018-0902-9"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-50427-8_9"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119293071.ch13"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2017.1700066"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsp.2019.05.005"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-58197-8_15"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22134757"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2022.3232379"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.011.2100339"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2017.1600374"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2615425"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2024.3383093"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJITS.2023.3288396"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3071726"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MedComNet62012.2024.10578126"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2023.3338677"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2018.2804223"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2016.2632427"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3019199"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2022.3177305"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2013.2286772"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EuCNC\/6GSummit54941.2022.9815663"},{"key":"ref106","first-page":"1","article-title":"Performance evaluation of array calibration for angle-of-arrival-based 5G positioning","volume-title":"Proc. 26th Int. ITG Workshop Smart Antennas 13th Conf. Syst., Commun., Cod.","author":"Henninger"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2015.2504328"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.011.2100091"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2023.3275122"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3384625"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2018.2789882"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/EuCAP53622.2022.9769276"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-42426-1"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3373014"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LSENS.2023.3338252"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3232221"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12243-023-00987-2"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/PEMWN56085.2022.9963853"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3125373"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s43020-022-00078-y"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2023.3277510"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2018.2877615"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2023.3275612"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2020.3020116"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22010101"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2021.3128415"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2869411"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2020.2971781"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2021.3057679"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2022.3151028"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2022.3156207"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2022.3178209"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-022-02153-z"},{"key":"ref134","volume-title":"Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects; Service Requirements for the 5G System; Stage 1, Release 19, Version 19.3.0","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref135","article-title":"Study on positioning use cases; stage 1; (Release 16), version 16.1.0","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref136","volume-title":"5G; Service Requirements for Enhanced V2X Scenarios; (Release 16), Version 16.2.0","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2812300"},{"key":"ref138","volume-title":"C-V2X Use Cases and Service Level Requirements\u2014Volume II","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref139","volume-title":"C-V2X Use Cases and Service Level Requirements\u2014Volume III","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HealthCom.2013.6720734"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HealthCom.2018.8531110"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISIEA49364.2020.9188076"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RTSI50628.2021.9597296"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAIT56197.2022.9862766"},{"key":"ref145","volume-title":"5G for automation in industry: Primary use cases, functions and service requirements","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.023.2200633"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/T-VT.1977.23655"},{"key":"ref148","first-page":"96","volume-title":"Report and Order and Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking on Revision of the FCC Rules to Ensure Compatibility With Enhanced 911 Emergency Calling Systems","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSPC.2007.4728622"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2002.1018015"},{"key":"ref151","volume-title":"LTE; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP), Release 15, Version 15.6.0","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref152","volume-title":"LTE; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); Stage 2 Functional Specification of User Equipment (UE) Positioning in E-UTRAN, Version 16.1.0, Release 16","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref153","article-title":"Technical specification group services and system aspects; release 14 description; summary of rel-14 work items; (Release 14), Version 14.0.0","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref154","article-title":"Release 15 description; summary of Rel-15 work items; (Release 15), version 15.0.0","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CC.2016.7833463"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOMSTD.011.1900018"},{"key":"ref157","volume-title":"Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects; 5G System (5GS) Location Services (LCS); Stage 2, Version 16.2.0, Release 16","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref158","article-title":"Study on new radio access technology physical layer aspects; (Release 14), Version 14.2.0","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref159","first-page":"1","article-title":"Progress of 3GPP rel-17 standards on new radio (NR) positioning","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Indoor Position. Indoor Navig. Work-in-Progress Papers (IPIN-WiP)","author":"Ren"},{"key":"ref160","article-title":"Technical specification group radio access network; study on NR positioning enhancements; (Release 17), Version 17.0.0","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref161","volume-title":"Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; NR; Physical Layer Procedures for Data, Release 17, Version 17.6.0","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref162","volume-title":"LTE; 5G; LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP), Release 17, Version 17.1.0","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref163","article-title":"A comprehensive survey of machine learning based localization with wireless signals","author":"Burghal","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv:2012.11171"},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOMSTD.0001.2200001"},{"key":"ref165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PIMRC54779.2022.9977723"},{"key":"ref166","article-title":"Study on artificial intelligence (AI)\/machine learning (ML) for NR air interface; (Release 18); Version 18.0.0","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref167","article-title":"5G positioning advancements with AI\/ML","author":"Alawieh","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2401.02427"},{"key":"ref168","article-title":"Technical specification group radio access network; study on expanded and improved NR positioning; (Release 18), Version 18.0.0","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref169","article-title":"Technical specification group TSG SA; feasibility study on localized mobile metaverse services; (Release 19), Version 19.2.0","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref170","article-title":"Technical specification group TSG SA; study on energy efficiency as a service criteria; (Release 19), Version 19.2.0","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref171","article-title":"Technical specification group services and system aspects; study on AI\/ML model transfer phase 2; (Release 19); Version 19.1.0","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref172","volume-title":"Summary #1 of specification support for positioning accuracy enhancement"},{"key":"ref173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3396361"},{"key":"ref174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.1900315"},{"key":"ref175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.1900411"},{"key":"ref176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/comst.2024.3385908"},{"key":"ref177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2921522"},{"key":"ref178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2023.3296612"},{"key":"ref179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2935192"},{"key":"ref180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HPSR52026.2021.9481794"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2023.3243358"},{"key":"ref182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3186510"},{"key":"ref183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2020.3024887"},{"key":"ref184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2020.3023682"},{"key":"ref185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2100070"},{"key":"ref186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/EuCAP57121.2023.10133121"},{"key":"ref187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCWorkshops53468.2022.9915018"},{"key":"ref188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2024.3389124"},{"key":"ref189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-58257-7"},{"key":"ref190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2022.3213901"},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3031959"},{"key":"ref192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2018.2816577"},{"key":"ref193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2020.3007036"},{"key":"ref194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IOTM.001.2200218"},{"key":"ref195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jstsp.2024.3414110"},{"key":"ref196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOBECOM54140.2023.10437902"},{"key":"ref197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3022981"},{"key":"ref198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJVT.2022.3175308"},{"key":"ref199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.007.2300224"},{"key":"ref200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3027149"},{"key":"ref201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3126775"},{"key":"ref202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSE.2021.3077314"},{"key":"ref203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/comst.2024.3387749"},{"key":"ref204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2200259"},{"key":"ref205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119965794.ch2"},{"key":"ref206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.011.2300359"},{"key":"ref207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2021.3101696"},{"key":"ref208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jproc.2024.3393514"},{"key":"ref209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LMWC.2022.3157144"},{"key":"ref210","article-title":"Cell-free ISAC MIMO systems: Joint sensing and communication beamforming","author":"Demirhan","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2301.11328"},{"key":"ref211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118693865.ch14"},{"key":"ref212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2021.3123267"},{"key":"ref213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcan.2021.12.005"},{"key":"ref214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2021.3135119"},{"key":"ref215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/JCIN.2021.9663100"},{"key":"ref216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2930208"},{"key":"ref217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCW.2017.7962800"},{"key":"ref218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2018.8647812"},{"key":"ref219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mwsym.1986.1132179"},{"key":"ref220","volume-title":"System Architecture and Solution Development; High-Accuracy Positioning for C-V2X","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CSCN.2016.7784885"},{"key":"ref222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2100550"},{"key":"ref223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2100225"},{"key":"ref224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EuCNC\/6GSummit58263.2023.10188355"},{"key":"ref225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jproc.2024.3397609"},{"key":"ref226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2022.3156632"},{"key":"ref227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2012.2189803"},{"key":"ref228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3447744"},{"key":"ref229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2022.3156630"},{"key":"ref230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2023.3246303"},{"key":"ref231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2024.3373034"},{"key":"ref232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2022.3219999"},{"key":"ref233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.124.2100765"},{"key":"ref234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2022.3173031"},{"key":"ref235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2200970"},{"key":"ref236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2023.3322853"},{"key":"ref237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2021.100402"},{"key":"ref238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3053486"},{"key":"ref239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2008.2008853"},{"key":"ref240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2018.2844553"},{"key":"ref241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2018.2835314"},{"key":"ref242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2018.2829439"},{"key":"ref243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2023.3307953"},{"key":"ref244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3215714"},{"key":"ref245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3170564"},{"key":"ref246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2992509"},{"key":"ref247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2907771"},{"key":"ref248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSIPN.2016.2626141"},{"key":"ref249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2019.2941435"},{"key":"ref250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2018.2794405"},{"key":"ref251","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2021.100396"},{"key":"ref252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2017.2769488"},{"key":"ref253","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2023.3304002"},{"key":"ref254","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2015.2431818"},{"key":"ref255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn.2017.0074"},{"key":"ref256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2000200"},{"key":"ref257","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2018.2864418"},{"key":"ref258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGCN.2021.3108147"},{"key":"ref259","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MAES.2022.3204730"},{"key":"ref260","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJSP.2022.3154684"},{"key":"ref261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2020.3035511"},{"key":"ref262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSIPN.2020.2995967"},{"key":"ref263","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2024.3377375"},{"key":"ref264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP49357.2023.10094864"},{"key":"ref265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3403972"},{"key":"ref266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3010896"},{"key":"ref267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2023.3273705"},{"key":"ref268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2023.3276765"},{"key":"ref269","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2023.3273698"},{"key":"ref270","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2023.3275613"},{"key":"ref271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2023.3322803"},{"key":"ref272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3234123"},{"key":"ref273","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2012.042712.110035"},{"key":"ref274","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSE.2018.2848960"},{"key":"ref275","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LSENS.2022.3148910"},{"key":"ref276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WPNC47567.2019.8970186"},{"key":"ref277","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2023.3322766"},{"key":"ref278","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2023.3322799"},{"key":"ref279","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2015.2430191"},{"key":"ref280","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2023.3322795"},{"key":"ref281","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2021.3060482"},{"key":"ref282","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2023.3322761"},{"key":"ref283","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2023.3322841"},{"key":"ref284","first-page":"1273","article-title":"Communication-efficient learning of deep networks from decentralized data","volume-title":"Proc. 20th Int. Conf. Artif. Intell. Stat.","author":"McMahan"},{"key":"ref285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2024.3446577"},{"key":"ref286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2021.3130504"},{"key":"ref287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2024.3413950"},{"key":"ref288","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC.2019.8886002"},{"key":"ref289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3101933"},{"key":"ref290","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2023.3273769"},{"key":"ref291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2749516"},{"key":"ref292","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3039271"},{"key":"ref293","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2023.3273702"},{"key":"ref294","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2019.1800366"},{"key":"ref295","article-title":"A survey of application of machine learning in wireless indoor positioning systems","author":"Sonny","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2403.04333"},{"key":"ref296","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3397302"},{"key":"ref297","volume-title":"Electromagnetic Waves and Antennas","author":"Orfanidis","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2911558"},{"key":"ref299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2010.938757"},{"key":"ref300","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20154132"},{"key":"ref301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RWS50353.2021.9360391"},{"key":"ref302","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GCWkshps56602.2022.10008659"},{"key":"ref303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471221104"},{"key":"ref304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2020.3000889"},{"key":"ref305","article-title":"A tutorial on SE(3) transformation parameterizations and on-manifold optimization","author":"Blanco-Claraco","year":"2021","journal-title":"arXiv:2103.15980"},{"key":"ref306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MAP.2003.1232163"},{"key":"ref307","article-title":"Study on channel model for frequencies from 0.5 to 100 GHz, (Release 17), Version 17.0.0","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref308","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/T-VT.1980.23859"},{"key":"ref309","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2015.2434384"},{"key":"ref310","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-5491-2_15"},{"key":"ref311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4108\/icst.mobilware2008.2804"},{"key":"ref312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCFall.2015.7390953"},{"key":"ref313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JRFID.2020.2968369"},{"key":"ref314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2022.3157397"},{"key":"ref315","article-title":"A CNN-LSTM quantifier for single access point CSI indoor localization","author":"Hoang","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv:2005.06394"},{"key":"ref316","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2946870"},{"key":"ref317","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1067170.1067193"},{"key":"ref318","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOM.2000.832252"},{"key":"ref319","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-10650-7_14"},{"key":"ref320","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2022.3145190"},{"key":"ref321","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2023.3326935"},{"key":"ref322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2019.1800635"},{"key":"ref323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2003.1201741"},{"key":"ref324","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MAES.2013.6575420"},{"key":"ref325","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2005.1458284"},{"key":"ref326","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32604\/jiot.2020.07196"},{"key":"ref327","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2021.3115566"},{"key":"ref328","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/1752270614Y.0000000132"},{"key":"ref329","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wcm.1029"},{"key":"ref330","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/bfb0067700"},{"key":"ref331","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/050624935"},{"key":"ref332","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNN.2010.2045657"},{"key":"ref333","volume-title":"Fundamentals of Statistical Signal Processing: Estimation Theory","author":"Kay","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-8071-3"},{"issue":"46","key":"ref335","first-page":"3736","article-title":"Kalman and extended Kalman filters: Concept, derivation and properties","volume":"43","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2004","journal-title":"Inst. Syst. Robot."},{"key":"ref336","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2003.823141"},{"key":"ref337","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.2009.2019800"},{"key":"ref338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/78.978374"},{"key":"ref339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/78.978396"},{"key":"ref340","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/18.910572"},{"key":"ref341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/7.640267"},{"key":"ref342","volume-title":"Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; NR; User Equipment (UE) Radio Transmission and Reception; Part 1: Range 1 Standalone, Release 17, Version 17.6.0","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref343","volume-title":"Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; NR; User Equipment (UE) Radio Transmission and Reception; Part 2: Range 2 Standalone, Release 17, Version 17.7.0","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref344","volume-title":"5G; NR; NR and NG-RAN Overall Description; Stage-2, Release 16, Version 16.4.0","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref345","article-title":"5G; study on new radio (NR) access technology, (Release 16), Version 16.0.0","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref346","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2018.1700736"},{"key":"ref347","volume-title":"5G; NR; User Equipment (UE) Radio Access Capabilities, Release 17, Version 17.0.0","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref348","first-page":"257","article-title":"5G positioning technologies","volume-title":"Location-Based Services in Cellular Networks: from GSM to 5G NR","author":"Garc\u00eda","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref349","volume-title":"5G; NR; Physical Channels and Modulation, Release 16, Version 16.2.0","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref350","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/cp:20020418"},{"key":"ref351","volume-title":"Physical Channels and Modulation, Version 16.2.0","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref352","volume-title":"Physical Layer Procedures for Control, Version 15.15.0","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref353","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-419985-9.00010-6"},{"key":"ref354","volume-title":"5G; NR; Physical Layer Procedures for Control, Release 16, Version 16.2.0","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2017.2669963"},{"key":"ref356","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ieeestd.2008.4579760"},{"key":"ref357","volume-title":"Network limits for time synchronization in packet networks, recommendation","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref358","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/ICIF.2018.8455289"},{"key":"ref359","volume-title":"5G; NR; Physical Layer Measurements, Release 16, Version 16.2.0","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref360","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2018.2854583"},{"key":"ref361","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2980285"},{"key":"ref362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3095121"},{"key":"ref363","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC40277.2020.9148587"},{"key":"ref364","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.1986.1143830"},{"key":"ref365","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/29.32276"},{"key":"ref366","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2020.3035579"},{"key":"ref367","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2008.920145"},{"key":"ref368","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2006.889978"},{"key":"ref369","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2016.7795600"},{"key":"ref370","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2023.3298843"},{"key":"ref371","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2009.090308"},{"key":"ref372","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2010.100907"},{"key":"ref373","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2020.2999904"},{"key":"ref374","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2021.3074403"},{"key":"ref375","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2022.3217966"},{"key":"ref376","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJSP.2023.3338113"},{"key":"ref377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3299319"},{"key":"ref378","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tii.2024.3413336"},{"key":"ref379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EURONAV.2017.7954222"},{"key":"ref380","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2003.819022"},{"key":"ref381","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3606843.3606847"},{"key":"ref382","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2013.2239643"},{"key":"ref383","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACCI.2015.7275582"},{"key":"ref384","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/navi.395"},{"key":"ref385","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-12349-4"},{"key":"ref386","volume-title":"Understanding GPS: Principles and Applications","author":"Kaplan","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref387","volume-title":"MATLAB: Version 9.13.0.2080170 (R2022b) Update 1","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref388","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.54097\/hset.v12i.1359"},{"key":"ref389","article-title":"Study on scenarios and requirements for next generation access technologies, (Release 17), Version 17.0.0","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21196608"},{"key":"ref391","article-title":"5G; NR; base station (BS) radio transmission and reception, (Release 16), Version 16.12.0","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref392","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/65.103807"},{"key":"ref393","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MICC.2009.5431382"},{"key":"ref394","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOMSTD.2017.1601030ST"},{"key":"ref395","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2009.5340196"},{"key":"ref396","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2934982"},{"key":"ref397","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/FUSION49751.2022.9841230"},{"key":"ref398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tvt.2024.3418140"},{"key":"ref399","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IPIN51156.2021.9662535"},{"key":"ref400","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33012\/2020.17609"}],"container-title":["IEEE Communications Surveys &amp; Tutorials"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/9739\/11032135\/10644093.pdf?arnumber=10644093","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T05:21:32Z","timestamp":1749792092000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/10644093\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":400,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/comst.2024.3449031","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-877X","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2373-745X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}}}