{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T14:43:12Z","timestamp":1784644992574,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":158,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004052","name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Office of Sponsored Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/comst.2025.3562489","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]],"date-time":"2025-04-18T13:40:46Z","timestamp":1744983646000},"page":"1879-1905","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Modeling and Analysis of Non-Terrestrial Networks by Spherical Stochastic Geometry: A Survey"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6967-6135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruibo","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMSE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7518-2783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mustafa A.","family":"Kishk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4827-1793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed-Slim","family":"Alouini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMSE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.011.2000493"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3022981"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2300545"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2022.3199901"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJVT.2022.3177946"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2841996"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"559","article-title":"Satellite constellations","volume":"37","author":"Walker","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Brit. Interplanetary Soc."},{"key":"ref8","volume-title":"Iridium NEXT","author":"Kramer","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"75","article-title":"Traffic prediction model for broadband microsatellites constellations","volume":"2020","author":"Korobkov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Astronaut. Sci."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2015.04.001"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/1.59821"},{"key":"ref12","volume-title":"A primer on cellular network analysis using stochastic geometry","author":"Andrews","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2009.090902"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2019.2924010"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2019.2938168"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOBECOM42002.2020.9347980"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2020.3019436"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2020.3029808"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2020.2990993"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PIMRC48278.2020.9217379"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VTC2021-Spring51267.2021.9448844"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOBECOM46510.2021.9685355"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2021.3069751"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2021.3049179"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2021.3103942"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2022.3143131"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2100800"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2100802"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC45855.2022.9838778"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2022.3141831"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGCN.2021.3132081"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VTC2022-Fall57202.2022.10012780"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2021.3077557"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2021.3118214"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/dyspan53946.2021.9677325"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2022.3143498"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC51071.2022.9771936"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14174232"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2022.3142290"},{"key":"ref40","volume-title":"V-band radio channel modeling for mega satellite networks","author":"Homssi","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2023.3245614"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/JCN.2023.000009"},{"key":"ref43","volume-title":"Modeling and analysis of massive low earth orbit communication networks","author":"Okati","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sat.1518"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LNET.2023.3269818"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2023.3325662"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2023.3280219"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/Ucom62433.2024.10695881","volume-title":"An analytical model for coordinated multi-satellite joint transmission system","author":"Li","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref49","volume-title":"Performance analysis of satellite-terrestrial integrated radio access networks based on stochastic geometry","author":"Sun","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2024.3402194","volume-title":"On user association in large-scale heterogeneous LEO satellite network","author":"Guo","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2024.3434433","volume-title":"Doppler shift distribution in satellite constellations","author":"Al-Hourani","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/aerospace11050386"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s24062004"},{"key":"ref54","volume-title":"Performance analysis of urban satellite-terrestrial networks with 3D blockage effects: A stochastic geometry approach","author":"Tanash","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3379586"},{"key":"ref56","volume-title":"SG-based analysis of LEO satellite-relayed communication systems","author":"Cao","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2022.3194210"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2022.3196152"},{"key":"ref59","volume-title":"A novel analytical model for LEO satellite constellations leveraging Cox point processes","author":"Choi","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref60","volume-title":"Coverage analysis of LEO satellite downlink networks: Orbit geometry dependent approach","author":"Lee","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.35335\/emod.v17i1.72"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.35335\/emod.v17i1.71"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2023.3262360"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC55385.2023.10119066"},{"key":"ref65","volume-title":"Latency analysis of LEO satellite relay communication: An application of conditional contact angle distribution","author":"Cheng","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC45041.2023.10278941"},{"key":"ref67","volume-title":"Analyzing downlink coverage in clustered low earth orbit satellite constellations: A stochastic geometry approach","author":"Lee","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2024.3374718"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2024.3365871"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2024.3351876"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3402140"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3634865.3634868"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2024.3414833"},{"key":"ref74","volume-title":"Modeling and coverage analysis of K-tier integrated satellite-terrestrial downlink networks","author":"Yim","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2024.3422110"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2021.3121299"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCWorkshops53468.2022.9814585"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2021.3103499"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2023.3247724"},{"key":"ref80","volume-title":"System-level metrics for non-terrestrial networks under stochastic geometry framework","author":"Huang","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2022.3192276"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2023.3262305"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2023.3241341"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.004.2300198"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2023.3336016"},{"key":"ref86","volume-title":"Modeling and analysis of GEO satellite networks","author":"Jung","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/taes.2025.3551282"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2024.3384549"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2024.3392708"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2024.3365891"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/PIMRC59610.2024.10817335","volume-title":"3-D reconfigurable intelligent surfaces for satellite-terrestrial networks","author":"Tanash","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2023.3324290"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2022.3188150"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2022.3199682"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GCWkshps58843.2023.10465028"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RadarConf2351548.2023.10149574"},{"key":"ref97","volume-title":"Ergodic secrecy rate analysis for LEO satellite downlink networks","author":"Kim","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2024.3396793"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3399551"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3405661"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3436621","volume-title":"Enhancing physical layer security in LEO satellite-enabled IoT network communications","author":"Talgat","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2024.3365884"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2023.3293467"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCChina.2019.8855953"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSPEC.2020.8976900"},{"key":"ref106","first-page":"410","article-title":"Research on coverage and link of multi-layer satellite network based on STK","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE 10th Int. Conf. Commun. Netw. China (ChinaCom)","author":"Qi"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2013.052213.00000"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2016.2624939"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2021.3104581"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2021.3061778"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/5GWF52925.2021.00093"},{"key":"ref112","volume-title":"An Introduction to Probability Theory and Its Applications, Volume 2","volume":"81","author":"Feller","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref113","volume-title":"Mathematical Statistics With Applications","author":"Wackerly","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2011.062911.102083"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2007.899174"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2022.3218512"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2003.811182"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3034082"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3104095"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2020.3037351"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2021.3098540"},{"key":"ref122","volume-title":"Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design","author":"Balanis","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-010-9760-4"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/4234.913150"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VTC2020-Fall49728.2020.9348676"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-69072-4_20"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2011.111002"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2021.107630"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOBECOM46510.2021.9685686"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2017.2763149"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-021-02674-3"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2005.1522131"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2005.850376"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCE.2020.3029772"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2019.03.040"},{"key":"ref136","volume-title":"Satellite-terrestrial routing or inter-satellite routing? A stochastic geometry perspective","author":"Wang","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2023.3296160"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2013.041713.120865"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2021.3131028"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2017.2696537"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2017.2663336"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2018.2794879"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2016.7422411"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10243111"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref145","first-page":"147","article-title":"A formation flying control algorithm for the canx-4&5 low earth orbit nanosatellite mission","volume":"27","author":"Eyer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Space Technol."},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.011.2100191"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2019.1800378"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2019.1800175"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACSSC.2011.6189944"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2014.7037012"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2016.7841754"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34133\/space.0092"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2100841"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCW.2015.7247285"},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2015.2496273"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2018.2850310"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/pomr-2015-0012"},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2007.01286.x"}],"container-title":["IEEE Communications Surveys &amp; Tutorials"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/9739\/11321210\/10969825.pdf?arnumber=10969825","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T05:44:30Z","timestamp":1767332670000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/10969825\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":158,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/comst.2025.3562489","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-877X","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2373-745X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}