{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T11:27:21Z","timestamp":1775734041471,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":367,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001838","name":"German Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Action","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FKZ: 03EE3066D Verbundvorhaben LoCA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FKZ: 03EE3066D Verbundvorhaben LoCA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001838","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006730","name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FKZ 13N16818 Verbundprojekt FreiburgRESIST"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FKZ 13N16818 Verbundprojekt FreiburgRESIST"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006730","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/comst.2025.3567765","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T13:57:15Z","timestamp":1746626235000},"page":"3830-3869","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A Systematic Survey and Comparative Analysis of Angular-Based Indoor Localization and Positioning Technologies"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1460-1061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georg K. J.","family":"Fischer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for High-Speed Dynamics, Ernst-Mach-Institut, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5304-4213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Schaechtle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for High-Speed Dynamics, Ernst-Mach-Institut, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3167-760X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Gabbrielli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany"}]},{"given":"Joan","family":"Bordoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0318-6133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivo","family":"H\u00e4ring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for High-Speed Dynamics, Ernst-Mach-Institut, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0609-172X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabian","family":"H\u00f6flinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for High-Speed Dynamics, Ernst-Mach-Institut, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4806-9838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan J.","family":"Rupitsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2911558"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3149048"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2016.2632427"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2016.2637663"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2743228"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2806558"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2855063"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JRFID.2019.2924346"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2921972"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2934489"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2951036"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.2964380"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2021.3058296"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21113589"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3187410"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2022.3177305"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2022.3210943"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2022.109041"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2023.110042"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2024.3372153"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/comst.2024.3449031"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ieeestd.2020.9179124"},{"key":"ref23","volume-title":"PRISMA reporting guidelines","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref24","volume-title":"Scopus","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119434610.ch3"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2012.2183773"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2019.2929860"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21196332"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSSE.2010.5607083"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3033281"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3085323"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2022.3148529"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3110971"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TELFOR.2011.6143552"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2448632"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2015.2430515"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2019.2925618"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.1984.310439"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2017.2667999"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IPIN51156.2021.9662529"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3361835"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2966519"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/el:20064410"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2007.11.013"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2018.2855568"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/e23111379"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2020.3042267"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/4234.552142"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/78.655425"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2022.3191705"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2018.2794322"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2018.2833544"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2018.2840136"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2018.2853745"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2010.2955"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2021.3077462"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2021.3121635"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s16060876"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s17112522"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2014.2340472"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2014.2333006"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11036-023-02127-5"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2016.2518174"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2024.3393977"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2021.3078765"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s18124249"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISWCS.2019.8877160"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3118991"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3539668.3539672"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3180178"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC55385.2023.10119056"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2965233"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2009.2027795"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.26.009230"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2018.2867829"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2017.2698459"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2009.081584"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-57534-5"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2015.2430292"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SPECT.1988.206176"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MAP.2017.2706648"},{"key":"ref82","volume-title":"Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design","author":"Balanis","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref83","volume-title":"Spectral Analysis of Signals","author":"Stoica","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref84","volume-title":"Radar Handbook","author":"Skolnik","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref85","volume-title":"Radar Principles","author":"Peebles","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TASSP.1976.1162830"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/ASP\/2006\/26503"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TASL.2013.2272524"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-04619-7_8"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/53.665"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TASSP.1987.1165054"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1969.7278"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/29.17564"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.1986.1143830"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/78.317861"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s19112482"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2020.3029363"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSII.2019.2943439"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2018.2875853"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2023.3255558"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1687-6180-2014-120"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2023.3258060"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-811887-0.00011-0"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2628869"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2012.2203814"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781394191048"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3092529"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SPAWC48557.2020.9154221"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2019.2901641"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3140146"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WASPAA.2017.8170010"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3215504"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.1706.03762"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2024.3359047"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2023.3338575"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2937792"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21020532"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3463510"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2022.3222485"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TENCON.2005.301009"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2012.2221313"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2017.2786219"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TASLP.2019.2935837"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2021.3083558"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2023.3273693"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s16111811"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/3534829"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40648-015-0034-y"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s19051176"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1909890117"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2021.104009"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2021.3118966"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/APSIPAASC55919.2022.9980181"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0015005"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IPIN57070.2023.10332549"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JISPIN.2024.3476011"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ieeestd.2003.94282"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ieeestd.2023.10058117"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ieeestd.2012.6392842"},{"key":"ref140","first-page":"71","article-title":"ArrayTrack: A fine-grained indoor location system","volume-title":"Proc. 10th USENIX Symp. Netw. Syst. Design Implement. (NSDI)","author":"Xiong"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2639108.2639139"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2785956.2787487"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2639108.2639142"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2018.2816586"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LMWC.2018.2839654"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2018.2874941"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2018.2854883"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2018.2860018"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2900511"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2951022"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2021.3108155"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22103709"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3219454"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2023.3243912"},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3262830"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15204953"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2023.3239377"},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2024.3367241"},{"key":"ref159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ieeestd.2016.7786995"},{"key":"ref160","volume-title":"Bluetooth core specification 5.1","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref161","volume-title":"Technical Specification: User Equipment (UE) Radio Transmission and Reception; Part 1: Range 1: V18.5.0","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s18113698"},{"key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3127861"},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3159332"},{"key":"ref165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ieeestd.2013.6687187"},{"key":"ref166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3631437"},{"key":"ref167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2020.102355"},{"key":"ref168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2021.3051998"},{"key":"ref169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2007.381737"},{"key":"ref170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-023-10388-2"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2019.2948054"},{"key":"ref172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10111236"},{"key":"ref173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics7120442"},{"key":"ref174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2019.2921763"},{"key":"ref175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2017.2778155"},{"key":"ref176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2022.3155530"},{"key":"ref177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2014.2386869"},{"key":"ref178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2016.2585645"},{"key":"ref179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app6040108"},{"key":"ref180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s18061753"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2873686"},{"key":"ref182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LSENS.2022.3184348"},{"key":"ref183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2364121"},{"key":"ref184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9526532"},{"key":"ref185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2971648.2971665"},{"key":"ref186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3210240.3210314"},{"key":"ref187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2018.2850842"},{"key":"ref188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2929580"},{"key":"ref189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20123446"},{"key":"ref190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2020.04.030"},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3081563"},{"key":"ref192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2022.3205767"},{"key":"ref193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15092461"},{"key":"ref194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3615984.3616506"},{"key":"ref195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2023.3295370"},{"key":"ref196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2024.3367121"},{"key":"ref197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2021.3103986"},{"key":"ref198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3572864.3580345"},{"key":"ref199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2015.2430281"},{"key":"ref200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2022.3141739"},{"key":"ref201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PIMRC.2018.8580796"},{"key":"ref202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3349623.3355475"},{"key":"ref203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2018.2884464"},{"key":"ref204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22072759"},{"key":"ref205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3233130"},{"key":"ref206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3301126"},{"key":"ref207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/robotics12040115"},{"key":"ref208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2023.113801"},{"key":"ref209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2024.3361658"},{"key":"ref210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iot.2024.101152"},{"key":"ref211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DCOSS-IoT58021.2023.00016"},{"key":"ref212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP49357.2023.10094935"},{"key":"ref213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2019.2925970"},{"key":"ref214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IPIN.2018.8533719"},{"key":"ref215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.3008393"},{"key":"ref216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS46773.2023.10182044"},{"key":"ref217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s17112631"},{"key":"ref218","volume-title":"Revision of Part 15 of the Commission\u2019s Rules Regarding Ultra-Wideband Transmission Systems; 47 C.F.R. \u00a7 15.503","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref219","first-page":"42","article-title":"A summary of FCC rules for ultra wideband communications","volume":"4","author":"Breed","year":"2005","journal-title":"High Freq. Electron."},{"key":"ref220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ieeestd.2020.9179124"},{"key":"ref221","volume-title":"NXP trimension products","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WPNC.2017.8250079"},{"key":"ref223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app10010057"},{"key":"ref224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2993197"},{"key":"ref225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3012717"},{"key":"ref226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DCOSS49796.2020.00028"},{"key":"ref227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3478124"},{"key":"ref228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2021.3083613"},{"key":"ref229","volume-title":"Ultra-wideband products","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2008.924690"},{"key":"ref231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02726343.2019.1577526"},{"key":"ref232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2528\/PIERB19080805"},{"key":"ref233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2023.3282289"},{"key":"ref234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2012.081612.120045"},{"key":"ref235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s17020227"},{"key":"ref236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22041532"},{"key":"ref237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2018.2810340"},{"key":"ref238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2603861"},{"key":"ref239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s19204466"},{"key":"ref240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/EuMC58039.2023.10290660"},{"key":"ref241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2022.3187661"},{"key":"ref242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2012.2194140"},{"key":"ref243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2013.2944"},{"key":"ref244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.23.007755"},{"key":"ref245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2016.2519281"},{"key":"ref246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3117811.3117821"},{"key":"ref247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20216278"},{"key":"ref248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s19040956"},{"key":"ref249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2022.3212628"},{"key":"ref250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2639108.2639109"},{"key":"ref251","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2016.2542158"},{"key":"ref252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2017.2723978"},{"key":"ref253","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12200-018-0806-0"},{"key":"ref254","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2017.3012"},{"key":"ref255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2017.2774435"},{"key":"ref256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.3452"},{"key":"ref257","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11040427"},{"key":"ref258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.oe.58.10.104104"},{"key":"ref259","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2021.3075080"},{"key":"ref260","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2021.3124089"},{"key":"ref261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2021.3098442"},{"key":"ref262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2024.3368169"},{"key":"ref263","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3290614"},{"key":"ref264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s19040917"},{"key":"ref265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20185359"},{"key":"ref266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22082882"},{"key":"ref267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2022.3172511"},{"key":"ref268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.2983933"},{"key":"ref269","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s140202362"},{"key":"ref270","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2809695.2809713"},{"key":"ref271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2015.2504372"},{"key":"ref272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4186\/ej.2016.20.3.197"},{"key":"ref273","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2020.2980428"},{"key":"ref274","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.2994071"},{"key":"ref275","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2023.3274644"},{"key":"ref276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2023.3274129"},{"key":"ref277","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2024.3363012"},{"key":"ref278","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3112584"},{"key":"ref279","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2903633"},{"key":"ref280","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2021.3067963"},{"key":"ref281","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2002.1018015"},{"key":"ref282","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2017.1700066"},{"key":"ref283","article-title":"Technical Report: Study on positioning use cases: V16.1.0","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref284","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2023.3324952"},{"key":"ref285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2017.2669963"},{"key":"ref286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2977371"},{"key":"ref287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2023.3266354"},{"key":"ref288","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2014.2313409"},{"key":"ref289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3282602"},{"key":"ref290","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2021.3094807"},{"key":"ref291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2023.3322809"},{"key":"ref292","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/JCC.2019.09.006"},{"key":"ref293","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3050720"},{"key":"ref294","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-023-10578-y"},{"key":"ref295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2015.2445317"},{"key":"ref296","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2000186"},{"key":"ref297","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2021.3110059"},{"key":"ref298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dac.5702"},{"key":"ref299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LSENS.2023.3338252"},{"key":"ref300","volume-title":"Technical specification group radio access network; NR; user equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception; part 2: Range 2 standalone","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2013.2260813"},{"key":"ref302","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2014.2328098"},{"key":"ref303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10776-020-00500-9"},{"key":"ref304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2023.3345423"},{"key":"ref305","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3279287"},{"key":"ref306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2023.3311055"},{"key":"ref307","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VTC2023-Fall60731.2023.10333840"},{"key":"ref308","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-map.2014.0158"},{"key":"ref309","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/AIS-130202"},{"key":"ref310","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2838590"},{"key":"ref311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s16070978"},{"key":"ref312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2019.2901447"},{"key":"ref313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOBECOM48099.2022.10001628"},{"key":"ref314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7774166"},{"key":"ref315","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3137723"},{"key":"ref316","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/EuCAP57121.2023.10132990"},{"key":"ref317","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2018.2870405"},{"key":"ref318","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3080655"},{"key":"ref319","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LMWC.2022.3142322"},{"key":"ref320","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s23156771"},{"key":"ref321","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s23031335"},{"key":"ref322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2011.2169079"},{"key":"ref323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2019.2959424"},{"key":"ref324","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2022.3205362"},{"key":"ref325","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2021.3109381"},{"key":"ref326","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3167916"},{"key":"ref327","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.202301006"},{"key":"ref328","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3292349"},{"key":"ref329","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JISPIN.2024.3359151"},{"key":"ref330","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JMW.2022.3228118"},{"key":"ref331","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2022.3178209"},{"key":"ref332","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34133\/2019\/6482975"},{"key":"ref333","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM41043.2020.9155458"},{"key":"ref334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2021.3078491"},{"key":"ref335","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2871960"},{"key":"ref336","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2023.3275283"},{"key":"ref337","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2012.2232036"},{"key":"ref338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2020.2981676"},{"key":"ref339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2009.2035947"},{"key":"ref340","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3072951"},{"key":"ref341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09205071.2021.1997650"},{"key":"ref342","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2386537"},{"key":"ref343","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s19245544"},{"key":"ref344","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3200594"},{"key":"ref345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22072663"},{"key":"ref346","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2022.3214540"},{"key":"ref347","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3577927"},{"key":"ref348","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.1424"},{"key":"ref349","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3448303"},{"key":"ref350","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2019.2914130"},{"key":"ref351","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2022.3149272"},{"key":"ref352","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ieeestd.2021.9442429"},{"key":"ref353","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2018.2844553"},{"key":"ref354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJVT.2021.3078551"},{"key":"ref355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MASS50613.2020.00016"},{"key":"ref356","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-com.2019.1059"},{"key":"ref357","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ieeestd.2017.7893678"},{"key":"ref358","volume-title":"EPC radio-frequency identity generation-2 UHF RFID standard","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref359","volume-title":"18000-6: Parameters for air interface communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz general","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref360","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IPIN.2012.6418877"},{"key":"ref361","volume-title":"Broadband Radio Access Networks (BRAN);5 GHz High Performance RLAN;Harmonized EN Covering the Essential Requirements of Article 3.2 of the R&TTE Directive","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PIMRC48278.2020.9217307"},{"key":"ref363","volume-title":"Apple introduces AirTag","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref364","volume-title":"Qorvo \u00ae delivers ultra-wideband in Google\u00ae pixel 6 pro","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref365","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1600559"},{"key":"ref366","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20051382"},{"key":"ref367","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2693299"}],"container-title":["IEEE Communications Surveys &amp; Tutorials"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/9739\/11321210\/10990274.pdf?arnumber=10990274","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T05:43:00Z","timestamp":1767332580000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/10990274\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":367,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/comst.2025.3567765","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-877X","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2373-745X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}