{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T14:00:03Z","timestamp":1784210403303,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":361,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62222107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62222107"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Yangtze River Delta Science and Technology Innovation Community Joint Research (Basic Research) Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK20244006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20244006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Basic Reserch Projects of Stabilizing Support for Specialty Disciplines","award":["ILF240041A24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ILF240041A24"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation and Infocomm Media Development Authority under its Future Communications Research and Development Programme","award":["FCP-NTU-RG-2024-025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FCP-NTU-RG-2024-025"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education Singapore Tier2 Award","award":["T2EP50124-0032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T2EP50124-0032"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/comst.2025.3569427","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]],"date-time":"2025-05-12T13:46:34Z","timestamp":1747057594000},"page":"3521-3563","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Revolution of Wireless Signal Recognition for 6G: Recent Advances, Challenges and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1923-589X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Artificial Intelligence, the Key Laboratory of Dynamic Cognitive System of Electromagnetic Spectrum Space, and the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6880-6244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fuhui","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Artificial Intelligence, the Key Laboratory of Dynamic Cognitive System of Electromagnetic Spectrum Space, and the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8220-6525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongyang","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qihui","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, the Key Laboratory of Dynamic Cognitive System of Electromagnetic Spectrum Space, and the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9307-2120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chau","family":"Yuen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2021.3073009"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jproc.2024.3404491"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2024.3385921"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118906507"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5629572"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-com:20050176"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MILCOM.2003.1290087"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2021.3091730"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-019-07898-2"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1680\/jgeot.20.P.091"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"Beyond deep reinforcement learning: A tutorial on generative diffusion models in network optimization","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2308.05384"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2023.3287547"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2018.2850703"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SARNOF.2005.1426550"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCC.2010.2076347"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCSPA.2013.6487244"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2986330"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IIT50501.2020.9299053"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31645\/17"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dac.4762"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3071801"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2021.3085433"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2010.2049487"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2022.109455"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsp.2022.103650"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSPCS.2018.8631742"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2020.113317"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3054756"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2020.3028654"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2018.1700424"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2016.2631080"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2863681"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/26.3769"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2379776.2379782"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2009.090109"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2013.2259178"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2020.3021667"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn.2016.0540"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/26.823550"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MILCOM.1999.822675"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2008.081107"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2012.021712.100638"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2015.7178519"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CIT\/IUCC\/DASC\/PICOM.2015.3"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2018.2806489"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICM.2011.6177396"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/26.58753"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/26.380199"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MILCOM.2000.904076"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/49.363142"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/26.664304"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS.2003.1205758"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1631\/FITEE.1800306"},{"key":"ref54","article-title":"Automatic classification of digital communication signal modulations","author":"Zhu","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MILCOM.2000.904013"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2015.2453269"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MILCOM.2015.7357660"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2018.2839735"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1684(95)00083-P"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1684(95)00099-2"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/ip-com:19960752"},{"key":"ref62","first-page":"135","article-title":"Receiver recognition of analogue modulation types","volume-title":"Proc. IERE Conf. Radio Receiver Assoc. Syst.","volume":"1","author":"Fabrizi"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/26.664294"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WiCom.2008.409"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WCSN.2014.78"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCS.2016.7833571"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4108\/ICST.CROWNCOM2010.9239"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISWCS.2010.5624411"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/26.141456"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICOSP.2000.893385"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NAECON.2015.7443070"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2012.060412.110460"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTC.2017.8191038"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/26.837045"},{"key":"ref75","first-page":"155","article-title":"Joint power estimation and modulation classification using second-and higher statistics","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE Wireless Commun. Netw. Conf. (WCNC)","volume":"1","author":"Lee"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC.2006.1696619"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2008.070015"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2009.12.091711"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-com.2014.0773"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAIIC.2019.8669036"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref81","first-page":"802","article-title":"Pattern recognition-based method for radar anti-deceptive jamming","volume":"16","author":"Xiaoyan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Syst. Eng. Electron."},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CIE-Radar.2011.6159518"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MILCOM.1988.13425"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2005.06.016"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DSP.2009.4785916"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIINFS.2014.7036609"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2018.2875001"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RAWCON.2004.1389125"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2008.ECP.404"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2011.2174773"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/I2MTC.2015.7151426"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/I2MTC.2017.7969734"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1409944.1409959"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CISDA.2015.7208645"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2015.0051"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MILCOM.2003.1290361"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCT.2012.6511199"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2017.08.007"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2019.2900247"},{"key":"ref100","first-page":"25","article-title":"Transient-based identification of wireless sensor nodes","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Inf. Process. Sensor Netw.","author":"Danev"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SECCOM.2007.4550352"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.908974"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MILCOM.2004.1495157"},{"key":"ref104","first-page":"132","article-title":"A new scheme of automatic modulation classification using wavelet and WSVM","volume-title":"Proc. IET Conf.","author":"Dan"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACT.2008.4493784"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2007.11.014"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/532898"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWSCAS.1999.867728"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS.1999.780067"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2007.909326"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WESCAN.1995.494069"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCECE.1996.548038"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JCN.2009.6388408"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.205415"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2011.2179276"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SPIN.2015.7095322"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSPCC.2016.7753715"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACSSC.1988.753965"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/e19090454"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2932266"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2016.2636324"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2016.2561902"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2746140"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCFall.2012.6399099"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2014.07.023"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2017.2688240"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MILCOM.1989.104004"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/ip-f-2.1990.0066"},{"key":"ref129","first-page":"112","article-title":"Automatic modulation classification and measurement of digitally modulated signals","volume-title":"Proc. 11th IMEKO TC-4 Symp. Trends Elect. Meas. Instrum.","volume":"1","author":"Grimaldi"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2167-0919.1000105"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/4234.673652"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MLSP.2010.5588920"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2019.2929404"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VETECF.2008.291"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MLSP.2013.6661989"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1587\/transfun.E101.A.1123"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2008.08.066"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMLC.2009.5212366"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/URSIGASS.2014.6929232"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITNEC.2017.8284863"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2011.022411.101637"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2007.895675"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IMTC.2008.4547269"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-com.2015.1124"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref145","first-page":"61","article-title":"Automatic modulation recognition in cognitive radio receivers using multi-order cumulants and decision trees","volume":"7","author":"Subbarao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Recent Technol. Eng."},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DySPAN.2017.7920749"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MILCOM47813.2019.9020949"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DYSPAN.2007.35"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2018.2821171"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/icspcs.2008.4813755"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2018.2830769"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNNSP.2003.1279260"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2003.10.019"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AFRCON.2011.6072008"},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2018.8422346"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1005-8885(10)60077-5"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCWAMTIP.2018.8632582"},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PIMRC.2014.7136275"},{"key":"ref159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2016.08.001"},{"key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC.2016.7565127"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSP.2016.7877834"},{"key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2017.2752459"},{"key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsp.2017.09.005"},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2017.09.004"},{"key":"ref165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-018-1667-6"},{"key":"ref166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTC.2016.7763537"},{"key":"ref167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCAAW.2017.8001609"},{"key":"ref168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MILCOM.2016.7795448"},{"key":"ref169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ChiCC.2016.7554471"},{"key":"ref170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2903130"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCWorkshops49005.2020.9145320"},{"key":"ref172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.3022394"},{"key":"ref173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1989.1.4.541"},{"key":"ref174","first-page":"1097","article-title":"ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","volume":"25","author":"Krizhevsky"},{"key":"ref175","article-title":"Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition","author":"Simonyan","year":"2014","journal-title":"arXiv:1409.1556"},{"key":"ref176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781410605337-29"},{"key":"ref177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.90"},{"key":"ref178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-44188-7_16"},{"key":"ref179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn.2017.0265"},{"key":"ref180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2018.2797022"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ELTECH.2018.8401477"},{"key":"ref182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2018.2868698"},{"key":"ref183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDSP.2018.8631682"},{"key":"ref184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2928463"},{"key":"ref185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2019.1789"},{"key":"ref186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13634-019-0616-6"},{"key":"ref187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2900460"},{"key":"ref188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIEA48937.2020.9248382"},{"key":"ref189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11760-020-01641-3"},{"key":"ref190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2020.2970922"},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIEA48937.2020.9248386"},{"key":"ref192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2818794"},{"key":"ref193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2017.8254105"},{"key":"ref194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2018.8519373"},{"key":"ref195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/joe.2019.0659"},{"key":"ref196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INDIN.2017.8104767"},{"key":"ref197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SPAWC.2019.8815481"},{"key":"ref198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.3032197"},{"key":"ref199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2022.3149092"},{"key":"ref200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2019.8737463"},{"key":"ref201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM42981.2021.9488793"},{"key":"ref202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CompComm.2017.8322633"},{"key":"ref203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1997.9.8.1735"},{"key":"ref204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3017641"},{"key":"ref205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2021.3095855"},{"key":"ref206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3002770"},{"key":"ref207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2991052"},{"key":"ref208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.1706.03762"},{"key":"ref209","article-title":"BERT: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding","author":"Devlin","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv:1810.04805"},{"key":"ref210","volume-title":"Improving language understanding by generative pre-training","author":"Radford","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOBECOM46510.2021.9685815"},{"key":"ref212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2023.3298941"},{"key":"ref213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2022.3176640"},{"key":"ref214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/JCC.ja.2022-0580"},{"key":"ref215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2023.3336985"},{"key":"ref216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/JCIN.2024.10582827"},{"key":"ref217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/JCIN.2024.10582829"},{"key":"ref218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4108\/eai.27-8-2020.2295027"},{"key":"ref219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACSSC.2017.8335483"},{"key":"ref220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3009471"},{"key":"ref221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BMSB49480.2020.9379677"},{"key":"ref222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s18030924"},{"key":"ref223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/APCCAS.2018.8605691"},{"key":"ref224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2015.7178838"},{"key":"ref225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCWC.2017.7868362"},{"key":"ref226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2022.3144608"},{"key":"ref227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2021.3087250"},{"key":"ref228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2020.101180"},{"key":"ref229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2020.101213"},{"key":"ref230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2021.114931"},{"key":"ref231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2921988"},{"key":"ref232","article-title":"Fast deep learning for automatic modulation classification","author":"Ramjee","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv:1901.05850"},{"key":"ref233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC45663.2020.9120667"},{"key":"ref234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2020.2968030"},{"key":"ref235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3033989"},{"key":"ref236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.2983143"},{"key":"ref237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2988727"},{"key":"ref238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.2971001"},{"key":"ref239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2018.2798572"},{"key":"ref240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2794587"},{"key":"ref241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.3005707"},{"key":"ref242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2021.3087243"},{"key":"ref243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2023.3298657"},{"key":"ref244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.2981995"},{"key":"ref245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JETCAS.2020.2992128"},{"key":"ref246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2020.3016822"},{"key":"ref247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2018.2855749"},{"key":"ref248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VTC2020-Spring48590.2020.9128408"},{"key":"ref249","article-title":"Combining neural networks for modulation recognition","volume":"120","author":"Fengyuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Digit. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2021.3093451"},{"key":"ref251","article-title":"SigNet: An advanced deep learning framework for radio signal classification","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv:2011.03525"},{"key":"ref252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2018.2835460"},{"key":"ref253","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2018.8647582"},{"key":"ref254","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DySPAN.2017.7920754"},{"key":"ref255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LNET.2021.3057637"},{"key":"ref256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2021.3102656"},{"key":"ref257","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2020.2999453"},{"key":"ref258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3141032"},{"key":"ref259","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SPAWC.2018.8446021"},{"key":"ref260","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.3030018"},{"key":"ref261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2021.3078878"},{"key":"ref262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2017.2742553"},{"key":"ref263","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAIIC.2019.8669002"},{"key":"ref264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2020.2980840"},{"key":"ref265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1587\/comex.2021ETL0020"},{"key":"ref266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WOCC.2017.7929000"},{"key":"ref267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2021.3132341"},{"key":"ref268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3037206"},{"key":"ref269","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2021.3135932"},{"key":"ref270","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2019.8761426"},{"key":"ref271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITAIC.2019.8785692"},{"key":"ref272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2016.2574800"},{"key":"ref273","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2019.2891155"},{"key":"ref274","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2916833"},{"key":"ref275","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2019.2927348"},{"key":"ref276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2017.2717821"},{"key":"ref277","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2934976"},{"key":"ref278","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2978094"},{"key":"ref279","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2918136"},{"key":"ref280","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2934354"},{"key":"ref281","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2951594"},{"key":"ref282","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.2976942"},{"key":"ref283","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IWCMC.2019.8766665"},{"key":"ref284","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.25.017767"},{"key":"ref285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCSpring.2017.8108670"},{"key":"ref286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2815741"},{"key":"ref287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2019.2904956"},{"key":"ref288","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WOCC.2019.8770611"},{"key":"ref289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2913945"},{"key":"ref290","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn.2018.5549"},{"key":"ref291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSIPN.2019.2900201"},{"key":"ref292","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NCC.2019.8732258"},{"key":"ref293","first-page":"12","article-title":"Radio machine learning dataset generation with GNU radio","volume-title":"Proc. GNU Radio Conf.","volume":"1","author":"O\u2019shea"},{"key":"ref294","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2960775"},{"key":"ref295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2018.1800153"},{"key":"ref296","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1700200"},{"key":"ref297","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsp.2006.04.006"},{"key":"ref298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2020.3023145"},{"key":"ref299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2019.2957924"},{"key":"ref300","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2020.3044755"},{"key":"ref301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3395352.3402622"},{"key":"ref302","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-020-05514-1"},{"key":"ref303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2023.3236379"},{"key":"ref304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2021.3052222"},{"key":"ref305","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2020.2991875"},{"key":"ref306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app9102171"},{"key":"ref307","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3078407"},{"key":"ref308","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/drones8080357"},{"key":"ref309","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPICS62053.2024.10796233"},{"key":"ref310","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/a15120441"},{"key":"ref311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2024.3516652"},{"key":"ref312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCC59590.2023.10507292"},{"key":"ref313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2022.3184771"},{"key":"ref314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCS.2024.3381827"},{"key":"ref315","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3344175"},{"key":"ref316","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS58744.2024.10558307"},{"key":"ref317","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2021.3073441"},{"key":"ref318","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2023.3254490"},{"key":"ref319","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2019.101881"},{"key":"ref320","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC42927.2021.9500462"},{"key":"ref321","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3410338.3412337"},{"key":"ref322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3154790"},{"key":"ref323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2022.3152404"},{"key":"ref324","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2023.3266626"},{"key":"ref325","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2023.3243899"},{"key":"ref326","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2014.6710084"},{"key":"ref327","volume-title":"Bandwidth measurement at monitoring stations","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref328","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119471509.w5GRef048"},{"key":"ref329","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3238995"},{"key":"ref330","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IEEECONF53345.2021.9723370"},{"key":"ref331","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCSpring.2019.8746292"},{"key":"ref332","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3167107"},{"key":"ref333","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RadarConf2147009.2021.9455197"},{"key":"ref334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2023.3242690"},{"key":"ref335","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3280454"},{"key":"ref336","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3016125"},{"key":"ref337","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2021.3056453"},{"key":"ref338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC45855.2022.9838977"},{"key":"ref339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3257346"},{"key":"ref340","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC51166.2024.10622216"},{"key":"ref341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2021.3102069"},{"key":"ref342","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC49053.2021.9417592"},{"key":"ref343","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2020.3034913"},{"key":"ref344","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3012712"},{"key":"ref345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2021.3135688"},{"key":"ref346","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-99200-2_7"},{"key":"ref347","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2990629"},{"key":"ref348","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2022.3182691"},{"key":"ref349","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2020.2981604"},{"key":"ref350","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2023.3241388"},{"key":"ref351","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MILCOM52596.2021.9653119"},{"key":"ref352","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WCSP49889.2020.9299700"},{"key":"ref353","article-title":"Open set wireless signal classification: Augmenting deep learning with expert feature classifiers","author":"Shebert","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2302.03749"},{"key":"ref354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2024.3363630"},{"key":"ref355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TR.2020.3032744"},{"key":"ref356","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3120197"},{"key":"ref357","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2023.3259432"},{"key":"ref358","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2024.3361172"},{"key":"ref359","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2021.3083099"},{"key":"ref360","article-title":"Gradient-based adversarial deep modulation classification with data-driven subsampling","author":"Yi","year":"2021","journal-title":"arXiv:2104.06375"},{"key":"ref361","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/icc42927.2021.9500583"}],"container-title":["IEEE Communications Surveys &amp; Tutorials"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/9739\/11321210\/11002534.pdf?arnumber=11002534","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T18:18:30Z","timestamp":1767377910000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11002534\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":361,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/comst.2025.3569427","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-877X","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2373-745X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}