{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T17:11:31Z","timestamp":1785604291850,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/comst.2025.3577687","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T13:37:38Z","timestamp":1749476258000},"page":"1709-1748","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["A Tutorial on O-RAN Deployment Solutions for 5G: From Simulation to Emulated and Real Testbeds"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Juan","family":"Luis Herrera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2461-8468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"Montebugnoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3824-197X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico","family":"Scotece","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9062-3647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Foschini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0992-7948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Bellavista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/comst.2023.3239220"},{"key":"ref2","volume-title":"O-RAN: Towards an open and smart RAN.","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2020.107516"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mwc.001.2200213"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jsac.2023.3336190"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/comst.2016.2532458"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/comst.2016.2548658"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2019.04.019"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9030468"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.array.2022.100170"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2022.3183989"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3571072"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mnet.2023.3320933"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/icin56760.2023.10073507"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3610402"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s24031038"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/comst.2024.3388511"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jsac.2023.3334610"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2024.3367289"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icte.2024.02.001"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/infocomwkshps57453.2023.10225994"},{"key":"ref22","volume-title":"Managing O-RAN networks: xApp development from zero to hero","author":"Santos","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mcom.101.2001120"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mnet.108.2100659"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tmc.2022.3188013"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2024.3447472"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mcomstd.101.2000014"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ojcoms.2022.3146618"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mcomstd.0001.2100067"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mcom.001.2000453"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mcom.003.2200879"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jsac.2023.3336183"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"1","article-title":"Integration of RIC and xApps for open-radio access network for performance optimization","volume-title":"Proc. 7th Int. Conf. Comput. Syst. Inf. Technol. Sustain. Solutions (CSITSS)","author":"Sadashivappa"},{"key":"ref34","volume-title":"5G NR and Enhancements: From R15 to R16","author":"Hai","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref35","volume-title":"NR and NG-RAN overall description","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref36","volume-title":"Study on new radio access technology: Radio access architecture and interfaces","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/comst.2018.2868805"},{"key":"ref38","volume-title":"Connectivity for People and Places","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref39","volume-title":"System Architecture for the 5G System (5GS)","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2025.111342","article-title":"dApps: Enabling real-time AI-based open RAN control","volume":"269","author":"Lacava","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref41","volume-title":"Open network operating system (ONOS)","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref42","volume-title":"O-RAN software community","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3485983.3494870"},{"key":"ref44","volume-title":"Open AI Cellular Consortium","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref45","volume-title":"JIRA software","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref46","volume-title":"Confluence","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref47","volume-title":"Git","author":"Chacon","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref48","volume-title":"Jenkins","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref49","volume-title":"Cmake documentation","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref50","volume-title":"Gradle build tool","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref51","year":"2024","journal-title":"Apache maven"},{"key":"ref52","volume-title":"Google test","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref53","volume-title":"Junit","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mcom.001.2300675"},{"key":"ref55","volume-title":"Gitlab CI\/CD","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref56","volume-title":"Kubernetes: Production-grade container orchestration","author":"Authors","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/icccnt56998.2023.10306895"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/globecom42002.2020.9348073"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21248173"},{"key":"ref60","author":"Authors","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prometheus: Monitoring system & time series database"},{"key":"ref61","volume-title":"Grafana: The open observability platform","author":"Labs","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/noms47738.2020.9110373"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/csndsp54353.2022.9908028"},{"key":"ref64","volume-title":"AI-RAN Alliance: Vision and mission white paper","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref65","volume-title":"Adapting MLOps for Diverse In-Network Intelligence in 6G Era: Challenges and Solutions","author":"Li","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/infocomwkshps57453.2023.10225852"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2019.101933"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/comst.2018.2828880"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICOIN59985.2024.10572115"},{"key":"ref70","volume-title":"5G toolbox\u2014MATLAB","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/eucnc\/6gsummit54941.2022.9815658"},{"key":"ref72","volume-title":"gNB-e2sm-emu: gNB emulator for custom E2 SM testing","author":"Moro","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref73","volume-title":"SD.RAN: ONF\u2019s Software-Defined RAN Platform Consistent With the O-RAN Architecture","author":"Sunay","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3592149.3592161"},{"key":"ref75","volume-title":"srsRAN Project","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref76","volume-title":"Open air interface RAN.","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref77","volume-title":"Simu5G","author":"Nardini","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref78","volume-title":"FikoRE","author":"Morin","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref79","volume-title":"O-RAN Control, User and Synchronization Plane Specification","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref80","volume-title":"O-RAN Base Station O-DU and O-CU Software Architecture and APIs","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref81","volume-title":"O-RAN Acceleration Abstraction Layer General Aspects and Principles","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2980159.2980163"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2677046.2677053"},{"key":"ref84","volume-title":"NG-RAN; F1 Application Protocol (F1AP)","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref85","volume-title":"General Packet Radio System (GPRS) Tunnelling Protocol User Plane (GTPv1-U)","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2020.3028550"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mnet.002.2200595"},{"key":"ref88","volume-title":"NR; Physical Channels and Modulation","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref89","volume-title":"NR; Physical Layer Procedures for Data","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref90","volume-title":"NR; User Equipment (UE) Radio Access Capabilities","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref91","volume-title":"Study on Channel Model for Frequencies From 0.5 to 100 GHz","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref92","volume-title":"Telecommunication Management; Performance Measurement: File Format Definition","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref93","volume-title":"Telecommunication Management; Performance Measurement; Extensible Markup Language (XML) File Format Definition","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3636534.3697325"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/eucnc.2018.8443232"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tnet.2019.2931038"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/cscn60443.2023.10453188"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmcj.2022.101627"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/metroind4.0iot61288.2024.10584214"},{"key":"ref100","volume-title":"AutoRAN: Automated and zero-touch open RAN systems","author":"Maxenti","year":"2025"}],"container-title":["IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/9739\/11321210\/11028899.pdf?arnumber=11028899","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T05:42:43Z","timestamp":1767332563000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11028899\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":100,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/comst.2025.3577687","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-877X","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2373-745X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}