{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T22:50:48Z","timestamp":1777503048018,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":352,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"name":"PRIN 2022 LAGO-ON","award":["F53D2300048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F53D2300048"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/comst.2025.3649735","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T18:40:04Z","timestamp":1767120004000},"page":"4248-4284","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Optical Wireless Communication in Atmosphere and Underwater: Statistical Models, Improvement Techniques, and Recent Applications"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7781-4182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yal\u00e7\u0131n","family":"Ata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, OSTIM Technical University, Yenimahalle, Ankara, Türkiye"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4896-2087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farah Mahdi","family":"Al-Sallami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4465-1983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhsin Caner","family":"G\u00f6k\u00e7e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3069-298X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Maria","family":"Vegni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial, Electronics and Mechanical Engineering, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8742-118X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sujan","family":"Rajbhandari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Photonics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, U.K"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4897-0474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yahya","family":"Baykal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Çankaya University, Etimesgut, Ankara, Türkiye"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2024.3418574"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOMSTD.0001.2100104"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2022.3230737"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2016.2618841"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.108.220501"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.117.090501"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.181939"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.391938"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3099871"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2913348"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2020.3034224"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2022.3225859"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2020.2988615"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2025.3555366"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2022.3220504"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2020.2966855"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2838096"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2019.101935"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2552538"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2021.3111984"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2016.2603518"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2876805"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2804323"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s24248036"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2023.3339371"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2021.3120087"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2813433"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2024.3487112"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2023.3249835"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2021.3058296"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2815642"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2019.2959656"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2023.3295343"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.001.2300138"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2023.3265990"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2024.3360229"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CAMA57522.2023.10352815"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2024.3365898"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2012.04.008"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2021.3124942"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2023.3309881"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IPC53466.2022.9975721"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOCN.479133"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3020878"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2024.3443351"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3170889"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2020.3048786"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2021.127767"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2652245"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSOS45490.2019.8978970"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"1","article-title":"Coherent vs IM\/DD transmissions for FSO communications in the presence of atmospheric turbulence","volume-title":"Proc. 28th Eur. Wireless Conf.","author":"Colavolpe"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.17.002763"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.18.013915"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2009.2024169"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOCN.3.000860"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2015.2467386"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2024.3454696"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3280908"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2014.2329501"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3372142"},{"key":"ref61","volume-title":"Optical Communications: Components and Systems: Analysis\u2013design\u2013optimization\u2013application","author":"Franz","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WiSEE.2016.7877306"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOCN.492334"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.1637611"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-1101(62)90120-X"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.417512"},{"key":"ref67","first-page":"99","article-title":"Comparative analysis of free space optical communication system for various optical transmission windows under adverse weather conditions","volume-title":"Proc. Comput. Sci.","volume":"89","author":"Gupta"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.458571"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCECE48148.2020.9223023"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/joc-2018-0010"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.464100"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/joc-2019-0064"},{"key":"ref73","volume-title":"Power-Law Parameter of Rain Specific Attenuation","author":"Zhang","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTON.2005.1505832"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SPIN.2019.8711672"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.36.001987"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2019269"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21236\/ada137689"},{"key":"ref79","article-title":"MODTRAN: A moderate resolution model for LOWTRAN 7","author":"Berk","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.26.004058"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/3.626196"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3057286"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA341685"},{"key":"ref84","first-page":"1","article-title":"Propagation through atmospheric turbulence","volume":"6","author":"Hufnagel","year":"1978","journal-title":"The Infrared Handbook"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.19.000574"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.64.000148"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13616670109409785"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.43.003866"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.35.001977"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.63.000567"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2017.2749219"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/cbo9781139644181"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2020.2997806"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2010.11.041"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1977.22.4.0709"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.38.006826"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0146-6313(60)90002-2"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S002211207800227X"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.68.001067"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1615\/InterJFluidMechRes.v27.i1.70"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.399150"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.34.003477"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2021.126751"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2040-8986\/ac9291"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3400896"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2022.3181336"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2016.2602834"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2024.3419124"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2019.2901952"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2022.3231344"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2024.3378721"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2020.3022754"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2006.873556"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2016.2542158"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3103317"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2021.3062945"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3292795"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2023.3243701"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WOCC55104.2022.9880603"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3073461"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GCAT55367.2022.9971990"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2004.835751"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2007.06109"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.273685"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.372823"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.OE.62.4.044105"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CSNDSP49049.2020.9249535"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OFC.2024.W2A.31"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MILCOM.2007.4454950"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2023.3347758"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frcmn.2021.658330"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2024.3379217"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0142823"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.26.027849"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-70726-7"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.523438"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11082-023-04772-2"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.3037308"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3117266"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s23177545"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-023-01201-7"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2024.3382629"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2024.3358488"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2009.091213"},{"key":"ref145","first-page":"1","article-title":"13.16 tbit\/s free-space optical transmission over 10.45 km for geostationary satellite feeder-links","volume-title":"Proc. 20th ITG-Symp. Photonic Netw.","author":"Dochhan"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSOS45490.2019.8978966"},{"key":"ref147","first-page":"1","article-title":"Demonstration of 100Gbit\/s real-time ultra high definition video transmission over free space optical communication links","volume-title":"Proc. Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf. Exhib. (OFC)","author":"Zhan"},{"key":"ref148","first-page":"1","article-title":"Field demonstration of real-time 14 Tb\/s 220 m FSO transmission with class 1 eye-safe 9-aperture transmitter","volume-title":"Proc. Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf. Exhib. (OFC)","author":"Matsuda"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/PCAOP.2017.PTh3D.5"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.47.000491"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2024.3388932"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2024.3375121"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.487292"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevX.13.011006"},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.390311"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.397942"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2021.3076895"},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2017.2780841"},{"key":"ref159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2967856"},{"key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2021.3136922"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2023.3253810"},{"key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2023.3289797"},{"key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2300461"},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2024.3440639"},{"key":"ref165","volume-title":"Laser Sources","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref166","volume-title":"Products","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref167","volume-title":"Optical Communications","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref168","volume-title":"Optical Transceiver Module","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref169","volume-title":"Underwater Lights","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref170","volume-title":"Underwater Optical Communications","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref171","volume-title":"Ecsystem Free Space Optics","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref172","volume-title":"Gx00-1000-mmsc: Cablefree Gigabit Range Overview","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref173","volume-title":"U.S.-50\/100 Series: Optical Wireless Communication Devices","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref174","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rtx Corporation (nexgen Optix)"},{"key":"ref175","volume-title":"Viasat Inc. (Mercury FSO Terminal)","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref176","volume-title":"Mynaric AG","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref177","volume-title":"Aircision and TNO Successfully Demonstrated an Outdoor 10 Gigabit-Per-Second Optical Wireless Link Over 2.5km\u2013Enabling Fast Deployable 5G Networks","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref178","volume-title":"Taara Lightbridge","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref179","volume-title":"Mc500 Is for Middle Range Ethernet Communication","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref180","volume-title":"Luma Underwater Communication","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref181","volume-title":"Bluecomm 200 UV\u2013Optical Communications System","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref182","volume-title":"Ultra-High Speed and High Security Lifi Light Communication Enabled by Gan Laser Technology","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref183","volume-title":"Optical communications","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref184","volume-title":"Smart Subsea Solutions","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2018.2842212"},{"key":"ref186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.20.013055"},{"key":"ref187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2012.08.004"},{"key":"ref188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5772\/25097"},{"key":"ref189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2019.2957327"},{"key":"ref190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177704481"},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2019.2891542"},{"key":"ref192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01038327"},{"key":"ref193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCC52777.2021.9580415"},{"key":"ref194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2021.126776"},{"key":"ref195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VETEC.1999.778479"},{"key":"ref196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2010.02.081266"},{"key":"ref197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOCN.2.000625"},{"key":"ref198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.1386641"},{"key":"ref199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2011.031611.100309"},{"key":"ref200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.OE.52.4.046003"},{"key":"ref201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2023.3243931"},{"key":"ref202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2015.2410695"},{"key":"ref203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0954405414551107"},{"key":"ref204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.7973628"},{"key":"ref205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2007.899174"},{"key":"ref206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2940630"},{"key":"ref207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2022.3204830"},{"key":"ref208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.57.007462"},{"key":"ref209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.36.006095"},{"key":"ref210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.405942"},{"key":"ref211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2511178"},{"key":"ref212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2011.062911.102083"},{"key":"ref213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.24.022635"},{"key":"ref214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2024.3523304"},{"key":"ref215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2017.2786665"},{"key":"ref216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JON.2.000178"},{"key":"ref217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471213748"},{"key":"ref218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2008.081202"},{"key":"ref219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PHOSST.2012.6280748"},{"key":"ref220","volume-title":"Wireless Optical Communication Systems","author":"Hranilovic","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-97-1522-0_7"},{"key":"ref222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/26.8924"},{"key":"ref223","first-page":"211","article-title":"Impact of different noise sources on the performance of PIN- and APD-based FSO receivers","volume-title":"Proc. 11th Int. Conf. Telecommun.","author":"Xu"},{"key":"ref224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2024.3420736"},{"key":"ref225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.56.001372"},{"key":"ref226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OSAC.404983"},{"key":"ref227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.OE.54.6.066103"},{"key":"ref228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2022.129018"},{"key":"ref229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.57.000169"},{"key":"ref230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.30.001982"},{"key":"ref231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.528901"},{"key":"ref232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.9.000597"},{"key":"ref233","article-title":"The effects of the turbulent atmosphere on wave propagation","volume-title":"Jerusalem, Isr. Program Sci. Transl.","author":"Tatarskii","year":"1971"},{"key":"ref234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.73.000831"},{"key":"ref235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.OE.55.11.111607"},{"key":"ref236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.33.001041"},{"key":"ref237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2060867"},{"key":"ref238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2013.04.011"},{"key":"ref239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.OE.52.12.126103"},{"key":"ref240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2024.3355480"},{"key":"ref241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2023.3235823"},{"key":"ref242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PIERS62282.2024.10617968"},{"key":"ref243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2017.12.059"},{"key":"ref244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2017.11.049"},{"key":"ref245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.479018"},{"key":"ref246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2024.172126"},{"key":"ref247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2040-8986\/ac8aaa"},{"key":"ref248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2506849"},{"key":"ref249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2689933"},{"key":"ref250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSOS59710.2023.10490281"},{"key":"ref251","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.24.013157"},{"key":"ref252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.394468"},{"key":"ref253","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAB.480639"},{"key":"ref254","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2040-8978\/16\/3\/035403"},{"key":"ref255","volume-title":"Mountain-top-to-mountain-top optical link demonstration","author":"Biswas","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PIMRC.2017.8292601"},{"key":"ref257","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11082-024-06625-y"},{"key":"ref258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep33306"},{"key":"ref259","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3371112"},{"key":"ref260","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2024.3371874"},{"key":"ref261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.54.007575"},{"key":"ref262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2014.2311446"},{"key":"ref263","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.55.006130"},{"key":"ref264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS58744.2024.10558216"},{"key":"ref265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CSNDSP60683.2024.10636617"},{"key":"ref266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MASS58611.2023.00025"},{"key":"ref267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2022.3150021"},{"key":"ref268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2022.3143142"},{"key":"ref269","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.473814"},{"key":"ref270","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s23062960"},{"key":"ref271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2025.3543523"},{"key":"ref272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mop.33442"},{"key":"ref273","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2023.3246064"},{"key":"ref274","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2022.3162627"},{"key":"ref275","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC55385.2023.10118738"},{"key":"ref276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/ote2.12096"},{"key":"ref277","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.459053"},{"key":"ref278","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12145-021-00762-8"},{"key":"ref279","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2021.3139020"},{"key":"ref280","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2024.3414850"},{"key":"ref281","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SIU59756.2023.10223864"},{"key":"ref282","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2022.3188772"},{"key":"ref283","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3331593"},{"key":"ref284","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3331575"},{"key":"ref285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsp.2024.104561"},{"key":"ref286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2023.3292073"},{"key":"ref287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2020.3018494"},{"key":"ref288","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2019.124989"},{"key":"ref289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OGC62429.2024.10738744"},{"key":"ref290","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.433493"},{"key":"ref291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s43074-021-00030-4"},{"key":"ref292","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2024.3447118"},{"key":"ref293","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.412455"},{"key":"ref294","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTON59386.2023.10207371"},{"key":"ref295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3020689"},{"key":"ref296","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.389210"},{"key":"ref297","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.474611"},{"key":"ref298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTQE.2021.3077907"},{"key":"ref299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3019113"},{"key":"ref300","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/ote2.12060"},{"key":"ref301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2025.3569559"},{"key":"ref302","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTON59386.2023.10207473"},{"key":"ref303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frcmn.2021.656786"},{"key":"ref304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.osn.2017.12.006","article-title":"Artificial intelligence (AI) methods in optical networks: A comprehensive survey","volume":"28","author":"Mata","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Switching Netw."},{"key":"ref305","volume-title":"The 6G Architecture Landscape","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sat.1471"},{"key":"ref307","volume-title":"NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref308","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2021.3063706"},{"key":"ref309","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20195476"},{"key":"ref310","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2021.3091991"},{"key":"ref311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2023.103595"},{"key":"ref312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2024.3418912"},{"key":"ref313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2019.2960131"},{"key":"ref314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JCS52304.2021.9376324"},{"key":"ref315","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3361173"},{"key":"ref316","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IOTM.001.2300196"},{"key":"ref317","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACP55869.2022.10088865"},{"key":"ref318","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2023.3270184"},{"key":"ref319","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4108\/eai.7-9-2021.2314809"},{"key":"ref320","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMNET.2018.8622294"},{"key":"ref321","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2015.2402158"},{"key":"ref322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2016.2607699"},{"key":"ref323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2016.2519279"},{"key":"ref324","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2017.2671872"},{"key":"ref325","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2021.3128324"},{"key":"ref326","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2023.3276469"},{"key":"ref327","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2023.3341912"},{"key":"ref328","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2023.3290368"},{"key":"ref329","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2021.3123515"},{"key":"ref330","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3399551"},{"key":"ref331","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2023.3341461"},{"key":"ref332","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2018.04.014","article-title":"Resource allocation and interference management in OFDMA-based VLC networks","volume":"31","author":"Hammouda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Commun."},{"key":"ref333","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1600872CM"},{"key":"ref334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2015.7060515"},{"key":"ref335","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IWOW.2013.6777772"},{"key":"ref336","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.3015"},{"key":"ref337","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOMSTD.0006.2300009"},{"key":"ref338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ieeestd.2012.6361248"},{"key":"ref339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.533853"},{"key":"ref340","volume-title":"Modtran\u2013Atmospheric Radiative Transfer Model","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.OE.63.4.041207"},{"key":"ref342","volume-title":"Hydrolight Radiative Transfer Model","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref343","volume-title":"Ecolight Radiative Transfer Model","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref344","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20082261"},{"key":"ref345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos15010021"},{"key":"ref346","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jsan13050054"},{"key":"ref347","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcan.2020.09.004"},{"key":"ref348","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-021-00877-w"},{"key":"ref349","volume-title":"Recommendation ITU-R P.1817-1: Propagation Data Required for the Design of Terrestrial Free-Space Optical Links","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref350","volume-title":"Recommendation ITU-R P.1814-1: Prediction Methods Required for the Design of Terrestrial Free-Space Optical Links (low-Visibility Impacts Update)","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref351","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-com.2018.6238"},{"key":"ref352","article-title":"Investigating visibility for the development of fog attenuation models affecting FSO links","author":"Volpe","year":"2023"}],"container-title":["IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/9739\/11321210\/11318578.pdf?arnumber=11318578","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T06:06:37Z","timestamp":1769839597000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11318578\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":352,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/comst.2025.3649735","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-877X","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2373-745X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}