{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T16:21:45Z","timestamp":1784391705942,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":209,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62572184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62572184"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024JJ5270"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JJ5270"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025JJ50365"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025JJ50365"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Changsha Natural Science Foundation","award":["kq2402098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["kq2402098"]}]},{"name":"Changsha Natural Science Foundation","award":["kq2402162"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["kq2402162"]}]},{"name":"NSF","award":["ECCS-2302469"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECCS-2302469"]}]},{"name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) Adopting Sustainable Partnerships for Innovative Research Ecosystem","award":["JPMJAP2326"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJAP2326"]}]},{"name":"Seatrium New Energy Laboratory, Singapore Ministry of Education (MOE), Tier 1","award":["RT5\/23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RT5\/23"]}]},{"name":"Seatrium New Energy Laboratory, Singapore Ministry of Education (MOE), Tier 1","award":["RG24\/24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG24\/24"]}]},{"name":"Nanyang Technological University (NTU) Centre for Computational Technologies in Finance"},{"name":"Research Innovation and Enterprise (RIE) 2025 Industry Alignment Fund\u2013Industry Collaboration Projects (IAF\u2013ICP), administered by Agency for Science, Technology and Research","award":["I2301E0026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I2301E0026"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/comst.2026.3660844","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T20:57:58Z","timestamp":1770152278000},"page":"4731-4764","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A Comprehensive Survey of Large AI Models for Future Communications: Foundations, Applications, and Challenges"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0235-0253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feibo","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Language Information Processing, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5286-7958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cunhua","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0127-8480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Hunan University of Technology and Business, Changsha, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8602-0800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kezhi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Brunel University of London, London, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8941-8080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Merouane","family":"Debbah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Information Engineering, KU 6G Research Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7442-7416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dusit","family":"Niyato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6606-5822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhu","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2021.3126076"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2021.3057679"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2019.2921208"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2022.3195671"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.011.2000493"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TTHZ.2011.2159552"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2022.3156632"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2022.3208773"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2022.3202047"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/qute.201900038"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2020.3010270"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2904897"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3427694"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2021.3064596"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2021.3051317"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2954503"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2916583"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2023.3258143"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2023.3266931"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGCN.2023.3260199"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2024.3525117"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3487627"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2024.3438379"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/2477\/1\/012110"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2024.3379244"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2021.3132067"},{"key":"ref27","article-title":"On the challenges and opportunities in generative AI","author":"Manduchi","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2403.00025"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mnet.2025.3597127"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000417"},{"key":"ref30","article-title":"Sora: A review on background, technology, limitations, and opportunities of large vision models","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2402.17177"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-99-6774-2_3"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48185\/jaai.v5i1.1052"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP48485.2024.10447527"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"24824","article-title":"Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","volume":"35","author":"Wei"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2025.naacl-long.447"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2300550"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMLCN.2025.3593184"},{"key":"ref38","article-title":"RLHF workflow: From reward modeling to online RLHF","author":"Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2405.07863"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.001.2300346"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.016.2300547"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2400076"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.016.2300600"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.015.2300404"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2024.3465447"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2024.3435524"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2024.3353265"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2025.3564333"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2025.3527641"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2024.3362271"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11432-024-4337-1"},{"key":"ref51","article-title":"Large language models in the 6G-enabled computing continuum: A white paper","author":"Abel","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.1706.03762"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.008.2200157"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCWorkshops53468.2022.9914635"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2024.3386052"},{"key":"ref56","first-page":"2256","article-title":"Deep unsupervised learning using nonequilibrium thermodynamics","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","author":"Sohl-Dickstein"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2025.3624573"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2024.3400011"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCC62479.2024.10681856"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3636534.3649348"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP48485.2024.10447612"},{"key":"ref62","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mamba: Linear-time sequence modeling with selective state spaces","volume-title":"Proc. 1st Conf. Lang. Model.","author":"Gu"},{"key":"ref63","article-title":"MambaJSCC: Adaptive deep joint source-channel coding with generalized state space model","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2409.16592"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCC62479.2024.10681692"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3688636.3688668"},{"key":"ref66","article-title":"A review of multi-modal large language and vision models","author":"Carolan","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2404.01322"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/coli_a_00549"},{"key":"ref68","first-page":"1","article-title":"Improving language understanding by generative pre-training","author":"Radford","year":"2018"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref69","first-page":"9","article-title":"Language models are unsupervised multitask learners","volume":"1","author":"Radford","year":"2019","journal-title":"OpenAI blog"},{"key":"ref70","first-page":"1877","article-title":"Language models are few-shot learners","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","volume":"33","author":"Brown"},{"key":"ref71","article-title":"Gemma: Open models based on Gemini research and technology","author":"Mesnard","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv: 2403.08295"},{"key":"ref72","article-title":"Gemma 2: Improving open language models at a practical size","author":"Riviere","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2408.00118"},{"key":"ref73","first-page":"1","article-title":"Llama 2: Early adopters\u2019 utilization of meta\u2019s new open-source pretrained model","volume-title":"Preprints","author":"Roumeliotis","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s44267-024-00070-x"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2300575"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.002.2300460"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC57260.2024.10570717"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.005.2400019"},{"key":"ref79","article-title":"Segment anything for videos: A systematic survey","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2408.08315"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2024.3369699"},{"key":"ref81","article-title":"Meta-transformer: A unified framework for multimodal learning","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2307.10802"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52202\/079017-2906"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.00371"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV48922.2021.00951"},{"key":"ref85","article-title":"DINOv2: Learning robust visual features without supervision","author":"Oquab","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2304.07193"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.01042"},{"key":"ref87","first-page":"1","article-title":"Scaling rectified flow transformers for high-resolution image synthesis","volume-title":"Proc. 41st Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","author":"Esser"},{"key":"ref88","article-title":"Segment anything meets semantic communication","author":"Tariq","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2306.02094"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BigData59044.2023.10386743"},{"key":"ref90","first-page":"16083","article-title":"Any-to-any generation via composable diffusion","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Tang"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.02589"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.01457"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mcom.001.2500111"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2024.3429295"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.01397"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2022.3151412"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2024.3400227"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref98","first-page":"1","article-title":"A path towards autonomous machine intelligence version 0.9. 2, 2022\u201306\u201327","volume":"62","author":"LeCun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Rev."},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2025.3526887"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2020.2992393"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EIECC64539.2024.10929547"},{"key":"ref102","article-title":"Efficient training of large language models on distributed infrastructures: A survey","author":"Duan","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2407.20018"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CITS49457.2020.9232482"},{"key":"ref104","article-title":"AdaGC: Improving training stability for large language model pretraining","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2502.11034"},{"key":"ref105","first-page":"2790","article-title":"LoRA: Low-rank adaptation of large language models","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Learn. Represent.","author":"Hu"},{"key":"ref106","first-page":"2790","article-title":"Parameter-efficient transfer learning for NLP","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","author":"Houlsby"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.acl-short.1"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.findings-acl.164"},{"key":"ref109","article-title":"RLAIF vs. RLHF: Scaling reinforcement learning from human feedback with AI feedback","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2309.00267"},{"key":"ref110","article-title":"Proximal policy optimization algorithms","author":"Schulman","year":"2017","journal-title":"arXiv:1707.06347"},{"key":"ref111","first-page":"53728","article-title":"Direct preference optimization: Your language model is secretly a reward model","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","volume":"36","author":"Rafailov"},{"key":"ref112","article-title":"Personalized wireless federated learning for large language models","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2404.13238"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mnet.2025.3576035"},{"key":"ref114","article-title":"Evaluating large language models: A comprehensive survey","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2310.19736"},{"key":"ref115","article-title":"ToolAlpaca: Generalized tool learning for language models with 3000 simulated cases","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2306.05301"},{"key":"ref116","article-title":"The power of large language models for wireless communication system development: A case study on FPGA platforms","author":"Du","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2307.07319"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2025.3565859"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/JCIN.2024.10582827"},{"key":"ref119","first-page":"9459","article-title":"Retrieval-augmented generation for knowledge-intensive NLP tasks","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","volume":"33","author":"Lewis"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOBECOM52923.2024.10901158"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.002.2400280"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2024.3427313"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3711992.3711996"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2024.3436670"},{"key":"ref125","article-title":"WirelessAgent: Large language model agents for intelligent wireless networks","author":"Tong","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2409.07964"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2024.3519325"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2024.3507000"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN60899.2024.10650885"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC61545.2025.10978424"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2025.3543567"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2300456"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/JCIN.2024.10582829"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11432-025-4349-0"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2025.3549592"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2024.3474570"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2025.3604846"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GCWkshp64532.2024.11101226"},{"key":"ref138","article-title":"Large language model empowered next-generation MIMO networks: Fundamentals, challenges, and visions","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2404.08878"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2025.3626010"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2024.3452481"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IWCMC61514.2024.10592370"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2025.3528895"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2025.3529747"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2024.3356178"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOBECOM52923.2024.10901620"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2024.3459037"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.003.2300645"},{"key":"ref148","article-title":"Enabling AI-generated content (AIGC) services in wireless edge networks","author":"Du","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2301.03220"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VTC2024-Spring62846.2024.10683673"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2025.3572440"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2024.3396860"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2024.3435752"},{"key":"ref153","article-title":"Wireless multi-agent generative AI: From connected intelligence to collective intelligence","author":"Zou","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2307.02757"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GCWkshps58843.2023.10465211"},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/JCIN.2023.10272352"},{"key":"ref156","article-title":"Large language models meet network slicing management and orchestration","author":"Dandoush","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2403.13721"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2024.3470774"},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIOT.2025.3582641"},{"key":"ref159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3649329.3658473"},{"key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3524255"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCWorkshops62562.2024.10693742"},{"key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOBECOM52923.2024.10901542"},{"key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2400764"},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IOTM.001.2400047"},{"key":"ref165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2024.3456549"},{"key":"ref166","first-page":"1","article-title":"Federated fine-tuning of billion-sized language models across mobile devices","volume-title":"CoRR","author":"Xu","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref167","article-title":"FwdLLM: Efficient FedLLM using forward gradient","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2308.13894"},{"key":"ref168","article-title":"Stable diffusion-based data augmentation for federated learning with non-IID data","author":"Morafah","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2405.07925"},{"key":"ref169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2025.3550359"},{"key":"ref170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2024.3407131"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOBECOM52923.2024.10901719"},{"key":"ref172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2024.3415661"},{"key":"ref173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV61041.2025.00400"},{"key":"ref174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VTC2023-Fall60731.2023.10333824"},{"key":"ref175","article-title":"Large-language-model enabled semantic communication systems","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2407.14112"},{"key":"ref176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2025.3623167"},{"key":"ref177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2025.3607717"},{"key":"ref178","article-title":"Large language models (LLMs) for semantic communication in edge-based IoT networks","author":"Kalita","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2407.20970"},{"key":"ref179","first-page":"1","article-title":"Lightweight multiuser multimodal semantic communication system for multimodal large language model communication","author":"Son","year":"2024","journal-title":"Authorea Preprints"},{"key":"ref180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2025.3539526"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.001.2500056"},{"key":"ref182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC52391.2025.11161787"},{"key":"ref183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2025.3553851"},{"key":"ref184","article-title":"Enabling training-free semantic communication systems with generative diffusion models","author":"Tang","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2505.01209"},{"key":"ref185","article-title":"Lightweight diffusion models for resource-constrained semantic communication","author":"Pignata","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2410.02491"},{"key":"ref186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WCSP62071.2024.10827255"},{"key":"ref187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCWorkshops59551.2024.10615340"},{"key":"ref188","article-title":"Large language model as a catalyst: A paradigm shift in base station siting optimization","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2408.03631"},{"key":"ref189","article-title":"Confidence-regulated generative diffusion models for reliable AI agent migration in vehicular metaverses","author":"Kang","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2505.12710"},{"key":"ref190","article-title":"WorldGPT: A sora-inspired video AI agent as rich world models from text and image inputs","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2403.07944"},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2025.3528892"},{"key":"ref192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOMWKSHPS61880.2024.10620727"},{"key":"ref193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2024.3482354"},{"key":"ref194","article-title":"Conversational health agents: A personalized LLM-powered agent framework","author":"Abbasian","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2310.02374"},{"key":"ref195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IOTM.001.2400074"},{"key":"ref196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ETFA54631.2023.10275362"},{"key":"ref197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-69474-5"},{"key":"ref198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.002.2400106"},{"key":"ref199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2024.3522103"},{"key":"ref200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJVT.2024.3446799"},{"key":"ref201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2025.3529082"},{"key":"ref202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC61545.2025.10978733"},{"key":"ref203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2023.3341067"},{"key":"ref204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2400526"},{"key":"ref205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3764944.3764957"},{"key":"ref206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/ell2.13218"},{"key":"ref207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VTC2024-Fall63153.2024.10757470"},{"key":"ref208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3471904"},{"key":"ref209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2025.3586904"}],"container-title":["IEEE Communications Surveys &amp; Tutorials"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/ielam\/9739\/11321210\/11370829-aam.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/9739\/11321210\/11370829.pdf?arnumber=11370829","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T20:53:24Z","timestamp":1771016004000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11370829\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":209,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/comst.2026.3660844","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-877X","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2373-745X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}