{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T06:41:42Z","timestamp":1776235302654,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":290,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62301077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62301077"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/comst.2026.3682137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T20:10:08Z","timestamp":1775679008000},"page":"1-1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Large Language Models for Optimization in Next-Generation Wireless Network Management: A Survey"],"prefix":"10.1109","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0662-2533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bisheng","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8523-6448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruihong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6859-3645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruichen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6198-3712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yinqiu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7442-7416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dusit","family":"Niyato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8200-5010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaohua","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3519-4488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Rail Autonomous Operation, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7702-1123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yonghui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7052-0007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiwen","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9307-2120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chau","family":"Yuen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0772-8793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco Di","family":"Renzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CentraleSup&#x00E9;lec, Laboratoire des Signaux et Syst&#x00E8;mes, Universit&#x00E9; Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4755-7231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mugen","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2023.3274037"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2021.3061701"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3103320"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2024.3521498"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3282363"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2013.030713.00189"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2867268"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2935098"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2018.2881191"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2023.3292599"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2016.2544751"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2013.2293130"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2960506"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2698366"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2021.3121282"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2024.3380891"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/49.914508"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2021.3128513"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2023.3295804"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.3003898"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2019.2936025"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2024.3509739"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2024.3492720"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2024.3408090"},{"key":"ref25","article-title":"A comprehensive survey of large AI models for future communications: Foundations, applications and challenges","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2505.03556"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2024.3465447"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3776745"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"Large language models-empowered wireless networks: Fundamentals, architecture, and challenges","author":"Khan","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2506.10651"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/JCIN.2024.10582827"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCN65249.2025.11133874"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.001.2400384"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2025.3564333"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2025.3526606"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2025.3527641"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.016.2300547"},{"key":"ref36","article-title":"Empowering near-field communications in low-altitude economy with LLM: Fundamentals, potentials, solutions, and future directions","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2506.17067"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2023.3300664"},{"key":"ref38","article-title":"Large language models for combinatorial optimization: A systematic review","author":"Da Ros","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2507.03637"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3079639"},{"key":"ref40","article-title":"A comprehensive survey of linear, integer, and mixed-integer programming approaches for optimizing resource allocation in 5G and beyond networks","author":"Ejaz","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2502.15585"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3075563"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2020.3003156"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2025.3552052"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2021.3073036"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3288050"},{"key":"ref46","article-title":"Foundational challenges in assuring alignment and safety of large language models","author":"Anwar","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2404.09932"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2022.3215919"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.101.2100141"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2025.3558992"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2023.3321538"},{"key":"ref51","article-title":"OptiMUS: Scalable optimization modeling with (MI)LP solvers and large language models","author":"AhmadiTeshnizi","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2402.10172"},{"key":"ref52","article-title":"LLM-OptiRA: LLM-driven optimization of resource allocation for non-convex problems in wireless communications","author":"Peng","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2505.02091"},{"key":"ref53","article-title":"Towards better chain-of-thought prompting strategies: A survey","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2310.04959"},{"key":"ref54","article-title":"Automatic chain of thought prompting in large language models","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"arXiv:2210.03493"},{"key":"ref55","article-title":"Chain-of-thought for large language model-empowered wireless communications","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2505.22320"},{"key":"ref56","article-title":"World models for cognitive agents: Transforming edge intelligence in future networks","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2506.00417"},{"key":"ref57","article-title":"A survey on large language models with some insights on their capabilities and limitations","author":"Matarazzo","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2501.04040"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3626314"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2020.3016962"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3505617"},{"key":"ref61","article-title":"Graph reinforcement learning for combinatorial optimization: A survey and unifying perspective","author":"Darvariu","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2404.06492"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2020.3024860"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2871020"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2019.2933417"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2022.3191697"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2021.3073570"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.106.2100578"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2021.3071439"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2022.3214075"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2025.3560320"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42254-024-00770-9"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2023.3290748"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3513002"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.001.2300014"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2018.2857300"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2022.3216049"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2025.3580859"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jsac.2025.3644284"},{"key":"ref79","article-title":"Wireless large AI model: Shaping the AI-native future of 6G and beyond","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2504.14653"},{"key":"ref80","article-title":"Next-generation Wi-Fi networks with generative AI: Design and insights","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2408.04835"},{"key":"ref81","article-title":"Advancing transformer architecture in long-context large language models: A comprehensive survey","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2311.12351"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26615\/978-954-452-092-2_069"},{"key":"ref83","article-title":"Language models are few-shot learners","author":"Brown","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv:2005.14165"},{"key":"ref84","first-page":"1","article-title":"LoRA: Low-rank adaptation of large language models","volume-title":"Proc. ICLR","author":"Hu"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2025.3597815"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VTC2024-Fall63153.2024.10757657"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52202\/068431-1800"},{"key":"ref88","article-title":"Retrieval-augmented generation for large language models: A survey","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2312.10997"},{"key":"ref89","article-title":"Toward agentic AI: Generative information retrieval inspired intelligent communications and networking","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2502.16866"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2025.3532212"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3418900"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2021.3137926"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2025.3568637"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC61545.2025.10978505"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.103.2100587"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.2967882"},{"key":"ref97","article-title":"Agentic graph neural networks for wireless communications and networking towards edge general intelligence: A survey","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2508.08620"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2400428"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2024.3442167"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2025.3528955"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2020.2986024"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2020.2970550"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2025.3642851"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2025.3563892"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.006.2400131"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2025.3603957"},{"key":"ref107","article-title":"Hallucination-aware optimization for large language model-empowered communications","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2412.06007"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2024.3353265"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3496491"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52202\/079017-1381"},{"key":"ref111","first-page":"12028","article-title":"Large language models as optimizers","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Learn. Represent.","author":"Yang"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2025.3600951"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2025.3588550"},{"key":"ref114","article-title":"A survey on human-centric LLMs","author":"Yi Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2411.14491"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2022.3188013"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2420686"},{"key":"ref117","article-title":"Deep insights into automated optimization with large language models and evolutionary algorithms","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2410.20848"},{"key":"ref118","article-title":"Advancing reasoning in large language models: Promising methods and approaches","author":"Patil","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2502.03671"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2021.3129596"},{"key":"ref120","article-title":"A survey of large language models for financial applications: Progress, prospects and challenges","author":"Nie","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2406.11903"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03155986.2024.2388452"},{"key":"ref122","article-title":"LLMOPT: Learning to define and solve general optimization problems from scratch","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2410.13213"},{"key":"ref123","article-title":"Promptomatix: An automatic prompt optimization framework for large language models","author":"Murthy","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2507.14241"},{"key":"ref124","first-page":"1","article-title":"DSPy: Compiling declarative language model calls into state-of-the-art pipelines","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Learn. Represent.","author":"Khattab"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2022.3205415"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3773084"},{"key":"ref127","article-title":"OptimAI: Optimization from natural language using LLM-powered AI agents","author":"Thind","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2504.16918"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-95976-9_4"},{"key":"ref129","article-title":"Towards foundation models for mixed integer linear programming","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2410.08288"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-020-10139-6"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.swevo.2019.04.008"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-025-11266-y"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/lwc.2026.3673381"},{"key":"ref134","article-title":"ARS: Automatic routing solver with large language models","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2502.15359"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3731567"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2020.2994998"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3565287.3610258"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2023.3233988"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.01393"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TLT.2023.3324714"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tmc.2026.3668214"},{"key":"ref142","article-title":"Meta prompting for AI systems","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2311.11482"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2017.2769644"},{"key":"ref144","article-title":"A survey on human preference learning for large language models","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2406.11191"},{"key":"ref145","article-title":"RLTHF: Targeted human feedback for LLM alignment","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2502.13417"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3789261"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/faia250996"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2021.3060514"},{"key":"ref149","article-title":"Zero-shot verification-guided chain of thoughts","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2501.13122"},{"key":"ref150","article-title":"Not all votes count! Programs as verifiers improve self-consistency of language models for math reasoning","author":"Toh","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2410.12608"},{"key":"ref151","article-title":"Wireless multi-agent generative AI: From connected intelligence to collective intelligence","author":"Zou","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2307.02757"},{"key":"ref152","article-title":"OMAC: A broad optimization framework for LLM-based multi-agent collaboration","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2505.11765"},{"key":"ref153","article-title":"Heterogeneous group-based reinforcement learning for LLM-based multi-agent systems","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2506.02718"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2025.findings-acl.601"},{"key":"ref155","article-title":"Agentic satellite-augmented low-altitude economy and terrestrial networks: A survey on generative approaches","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2507.14633"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2017.2696001"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2021.3088662"},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.acl-long.45"},{"key":"ref159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.findings-emnlp.167"},{"key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3190523"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12532-024-00255-x"},{"key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2010.070710.090487"},{"key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM41043.2020.9155490"},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOM.2012.6195680"},{"key":"ref165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2011.2147784"},{"key":"ref166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2024.3459037"},{"key":"ref167","article-title":"LAMeTA: Intent-aware agentic network optimization via a large AI model-empowered two-stage approach","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2505.12247"},{"key":"ref168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2025.emnlp-main.682"},{"key":"ref169","article-title":"TPTU: Large language model-based AI agents for task planning and tool usage","author":"Ruan","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2308.03427"},{"key":"ref170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2025.3565588"},{"key":"ref171","article-title":"Aerial active STAR-RIS-assisted satellite-terrestrial covert communications","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2504.16146"},{"key":"ref172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2023.3327596"},{"key":"ref173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2015.2416982"},{"key":"ref174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2959193"},{"key":"ref175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2016.2541172"},{"key":"ref176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2015.2450774"},{"key":"ref177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2025.3612760"},{"key":"ref178","article-title":"Reinforced reasoning for embodied planning","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2505.22050"},{"key":"ref179","article-title":"Exploring synaptic resonance in large language models: A novel approach to contextual memory integration","author":"Applegarth","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2502.10699"},{"key":"ref180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2025.3528116"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patter.2025.101260"},{"key":"ref182","article-title":"A systematic survey of prompt engineering in large language models: Techniques and applications","author":"Sahoo","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2402.07927"},{"key":"ref183","article-title":"Deep research agents: A systematic examination and roadmap","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2506.18096"},{"key":"ref184","article-title":"Synergizing RAG and reasoning: A systematic review","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2504.15909"},{"key":"ref185","article-title":"A comprehensive survey in LLM(-Agent) full stack safety: Data, training and deployment","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2504.15585"},{"key":"ref186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2400774"},{"key":"ref187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3711896.3736923"},{"key":"ref188","article-title":"TrajEvo: Designing trajectory prediction heuristics via LLM-driven evolution","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2505.04480"},{"key":"ref189","article-title":"ACCORD: Autoregressive constraint-satisfying generation for combinatorial optimization with routing and dynamic attention","author":"Abgaryan","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2506.11052"},{"key":"ref190","article-title":"PARCO: Parallel AutoRegressive models for multi-agent combinatorial optimization","author":"Berto","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2409.03811"},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS58592.2024.10801914"},{"key":"ref192","article-title":"RRNCO: Towards real-world routing with neural combinatorial optimization","author":"Son","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2503.16159"},{"key":"ref193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v40i39.40596"},{"key":"ref194","article-title":"HeuriGym: An agentic benchmark for LLM-crafted heuristics in combinatorial optimization","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2506.07972"},{"key":"ref195","article-title":"RL4CO: An extensive reinforcement learning for combinatorial optimization benchmark","author":"Berto","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2306.17100"},{"key":"ref196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2021.3072593"},{"key":"ref197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2015.2441060"},{"key":"ref198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2023.3296160"},{"key":"ref199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2024.3357971"},{"key":"ref200","article-title":"Wireless agentic ai with retrieval-augmented multimodal semantic perception","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2505.23275"},{"key":"ref201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/math13122014"},{"key":"ref202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2023.3324729"},{"key":"ref203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2793237"},{"key":"ref204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2020.3028247"},{"key":"ref205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3586183.3606763"},{"key":"ref206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2024.3401159"},{"key":"ref207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2025.3584698"},{"key":"ref208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.008.00353"},{"key":"ref209","first-page":"9459","article-title":"Retrieval-augmented generation for knowledge-intensive NLP tasks","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","volume":"33","author":"Lewis"},{"key":"ref210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2024.3391767"},{"key":"ref211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.011.2200310"},{"key":"ref212","article-title":"Slot: Structuring the output of large language models","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2505.04016"},{"key":"ref213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3241539.3241570"},{"key":"ref214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2025.3582864"},{"key":"ref215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2019.2906622"},{"key":"ref216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2020.3014939"},{"key":"ref217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2400685"},{"key":"ref218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOM.2012.6195689"},{"key":"ref219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3012835"},{"key":"ref220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2024.3522153"},{"key":"ref221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2023.3271411"},{"key":"ref222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2025.3541078"},{"key":"ref223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2024.3471671"},{"key":"ref224","article-title":"LLM-Land: Large language models for context-aware drone landing","author":"Cai","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2505.06399"},{"key":"ref225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2025.3647029"},{"key":"ref226","article-title":"Large language model-enhanced reinforcement learning for low-altitude economy networking","author":"Cai","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2505.21045"},{"key":"ref227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2017.2688328"},{"key":"ref228","article-title":"Hierarchical and collaborative LLM-based control for multi-UAV motion and communication in integrated terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks","author":"Yan","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2506.06532"},{"key":"ref229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52202\/079017-3986"},{"key":"ref230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2020.3041750"},{"key":"ref231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2025.3529082"},{"key":"ref232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2022.3204438"},{"key":"ref233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2022.3191937"},{"key":"ref234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2022.3205692"},{"key":"ref235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2023.3331021"},{"key":"ref236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2024.3465375"},{"key":"ref237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jsac.2025.3642227"},{"key":"ref238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2024.3397799"},{"key":"ref239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2024.3371172"},{"key":"ref240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2025.3553843"},{"key":"ref241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2024.3516479"},{"key":"ref242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2022.3196408"},{"key":"ref243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOMWKSHPS54753.2022.9798257"},{"key":"ref244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2025.3579713"},{"key":"ref245","article-title":"Optimizing generative AI networking: A dual perspective with multi-agent systems and mixture of experts","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2405.12472"},{"key":"ref246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2025.3572440"},{"key":"ref247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2024.3519664"},{"key":"ref248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2025.3575041"},{"key":"ref249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2021.3118397"},{"key":"ref250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2022.3178171"},{"key":"ref251","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2023.3253721"},{"key":"ref252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2025.3545254"},{"key":"ref253","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2024.3446585"},{"key":"ref254","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3768165"},{"key":"ref255","article-title":"Large-scale ai in telecom: Charting the roadmap for innovation, scalability, and enhanced digital experiences","author":"Shahid","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2503.04184"},{"key":"ref256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3589339"},{"key":"ref257","article-title":"A comprehensive survey of hallucination mitigation techniques in large language models","author":"Tonmoy","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2401.01313"},{"key":"ref258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.findings-ijcnlp.3"},{"key":"ref259","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GCWkshp64532.2024.11101012"},{"key":"ref260","article-title":"ChatQA 2: Bridging the gap to proprietary LLMs in long context and rag capabilities","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2407.14482"},{"key":"ref261","article-title":"Large language model agent: A survey on methodology, applications and challenges","author":"Luo","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2503.21460"},{"key":"ref262","article-title":"Large language model enabled multi-task physical layer network","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2412.20772"},{"key":"ref263","article-title":"From standalone LLMs to integrated intelligence: A survey of compound al systems","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2506.04565"},{"key":"ref264","first-page":"43850","article-title":"DeLLMa: Decision making under uncertainty with large language models","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Learn. Represent.","author":"Liu"},{"key":"ref265","article-title":"Do LLMs estimate uncertainty well in instruction-following?","author":"Heo","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2410.14582"},{"key":"ref266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2022.3220504"},{"key":"ref267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2025.3578877"},{"key":"ref268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52202\/079017-1319"},{"key":"ref269","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52202\/075280-0950"},{"key":"ref270","article-title":"LLM pruning and distillation in practice: The minitron approach","author":"Sreenivas","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2408.11796"},{"key":"ref271","article-title":"Efficient reasoning models: A survey","author":"Feng","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2504.10903"},{"key":"ref272","article-title":"Spinquant: LLM quantization with learned rotations","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2405.16406"},{"key":"ref273","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2025.3542490"},{"key":"ref274","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2922668"},{"key":"ref275","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ait.2025.100004"},{"key":"ref276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52202\/079017-3457"},{"key":"ref277","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jsac.2025.3647412"},{"key":"ref278","article-title":"The evolving role of large language models in scientific innovation: Evaluator, collaborator, and scientist","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2507.11810"},{"key":"ref279","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2025.3569555"},{"key":"ref280","article-title":"A comprehensive survey of LLM alignment techniques: RLHF, RLAIF, PPO, DPO and more","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2407.16216"},{"key":"ref281","article-title":"Co-CoT: A prompt-based framework for collaborative chain-of-thought reasoning","author":"Yoo","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2504.17091"},{"key":"ref282","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52202\/075280-1580"},{"key":"ref283","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.01310"},{"key":"ref284","article-title":"Retrieval augmented generation (RAG) and beyond: A comprehensive survey on how to make your LLMs use external data more wisely","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2409.14924"},{"key":"ref285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2025.3534617"},{"key":"ref286","article-title":"Generative AI in transportation planning: A survey","author":"Da","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2503.07158"},{"key":"ref287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2022.3190068"},{"key":"ref288","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2024.3453069"},{"key":"ref289","first-page":"93787","article-title":"LoRA-Pro: Are low-rank adapters properly optimized?","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Learn. Represent.","author":"Wang"},{"key":"ref290","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2022.3191746"}],"container-title":["IEEE Communications Surveys &amp; Tutorials"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/9739\/5451756\/11477808.pdf?arnumber=11477808","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T05:41:32Z","timestamp":1776231692000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11477808\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":290,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/comst.2026.3682137","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-877X","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2373-745X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}