{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T14:55:36Z","timestamp":1784213736029,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006730","name":"Ministry of Education (MOE), Singapore, through MOE Tier 2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T2EP50124-0032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T2EP50124-0032"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006730","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"China National Key Research and Development Program","award":["2021YFA1000500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFA1000500"]}]},{"name":"China National Key Research and Development Program","award":["2025ZD1301900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025ZD1301900"]}]},{"name":"China National Key Research and Development Program","award":["2023YFB2904804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFB2904804"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62331023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62331023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62394292"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62394292"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars","award":["LRG26F010001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LRG26F010001"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012476","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities and Zhejiang University Global Partnership Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012476","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/comst.2026.3689548","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T19:39:21Z","timestamp":1777923561000},"page":"6211-6240","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Electromagnetic Information Theory for Holographic MIMO Communications"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2938-7758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5136-3448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tierui","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8398-8437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chongwen","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Multi-Modal Communication Networks and Intelligent Information Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2346-6228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhaoyang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Multi-Modal Communication Networks and Intelligent Information Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7431-8121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei E. I.","family":"Sha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3617-6468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhi Ning","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4250-7315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linglong","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8941-8080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e9rouane","family":"Debbah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Digital Future, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9307-2120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chau","family":"Yuen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2007.915450"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2006.883973"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2017.2717496"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2015.2443725"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2019.2891460"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.001.1900534"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.003.2200399"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2023.3309529"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.013.2300259"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2023.3288261"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2023.3278676"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2019.2922609"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2021.3077737"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2021.3063236"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/ji-3-2.1946.0074"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1953.1188558"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref18","first-page":"3","article-title":"$\\varepsilon$\n-entropy and $\\varepsilon$\n-capacity of sets in function spaces","volume":"14","author":"Kolmogorov","year":"1959","journal-title":"Uspekhi Matematicheskikh Nauk"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.1987.1144024"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/8.29386"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/8.662654"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.39.001681"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.17.000892"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.2004.840892"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2005.863108"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2008.929444"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.2009.2023705"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2008.2005468"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781139136334"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/EuCAP48036.2020.9135607"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3082772"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2021.3135018"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2023.3247725"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2023.3234003"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2024.3389126"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/icc51166.2024.10623028"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2023.3234164"},{"key":"ref38","article-title":"Towards 6G MIMO: Massive spatial multiplexing, dense arrays, and interplay between electromagnetics and processing","author":"Bj\u00f6rnson","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2401.02844"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.019.2200602"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.013.2300399"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.2025.3526689"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JRPROC.1949.232969"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2001156"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2025.3562896"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MBITS.2024.3359523"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.001.2400493"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2023.3349276"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.132.2200443"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2024.3387749"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2012.2227656"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2007.891963"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJAP.2023.3245667"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1715038"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.1958.1144605"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6028\/jres.064D.003"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1759078713001098"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1981.11950"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.1964.1138237"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2015.2473136"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2003.816302"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2024.3372704"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2017.2775520"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2021.3069432"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstl.1865.0008"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/9780470547052"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2010.2052567"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2019.2963568"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TEMC.2023.3234912"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISEMC.2019.8825194"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EPEPS51341.2021.9609212"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2005.852842"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2009.03.070062"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2021.3123131"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC45855.2022.9838533"},{"key":"ref75","article-title":"Superdirectivity-enhanced wireless communications: A multi-user perspective","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2307.06958"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/5.843002"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2024.3446459"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAIT.2022.3160185"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ANTEM.2004.7860648"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2022.3183445"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.2016.2647602"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2007.915416"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02786820"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/1025078"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.2015.2456874"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2011.2163776"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2015.2429742"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1975.tb02043.x"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2012.2233451"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.59.1200"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2022.3171409"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2022.3152965"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1968.tb00069.x"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCWorkshops50388.2021.9473890"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2021.3124927"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2023.3266298"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2009.2016686"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-map.2009.0057"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2023.3278683"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.005.2300457"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2020.3000877"},{"key":"ref102","volume-title":"Holographic-Mimo-Small-Scale-Fading","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2025.3540871"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EMCSI39492.2022.9889518"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEAA.2018.8520372"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2022.3224035"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2020.3007036"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3133707"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2024.3498597"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0266-5611\/14\/2\/008"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2002.803324"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2018.1701051"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2024.3354199"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2018.2831628"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2300666"},{"key":"ref116","article-title":"On the degrees of freedom and eigenfunctions of line-of-sight holographic MIMO communications","author":"Ruiz-Sicilia","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2308.08009"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SPAWC48557.2020.9154219"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2022.3176140"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2025.3539993"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2025.3531418"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2020.2972398"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2021.3081419"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2024.3402102"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2023.3278682"},{"key":"ref125","volume-title":"Electromagnetic Information\u2014Kolmogorov","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2022.3151702"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2023.3262691"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2014.2379911"},{"issue":"19","key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3232","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11193232","article-title":"Electromagnetic effective-degree-of-freedom limit of a MIMO system in 2-D inhomogeneous environment","volume":"11","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2023.3235015"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2022.3233487"}],"container-title":["IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/9739\/11321210\/11505863.pdf?arnumber=11505863","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T23:05:18Z","timestamp":1780009518000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11505863\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":131,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/comst.2026.3689548","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-877X","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2373-745X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}