{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T07:45:56Z","timestamp":1767339956419,"version":"3.28.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"IEEE","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/cyconus.2016.7836617","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,7]],"date-time":"2017-02-07T15:39:40Z","timestamp":1486481980000},"page":"1-13","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cyber attacks: the fog of identity"],"prefix":"10.1109","author":[{"given":"V. A.","family":"Greiman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"year":"2015","key":"ref38","article-title":"Department of Defense Strategy for Operating in Cyberspace"},{"year":"0","key":"ref33","article-title":"A Strong Britain in an Age of Uncertainty: The National Security Strategy"},{"key":"ref32","article-title":"Russia accused of unleashing cyberwar to disable Estonia","author":"ian","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Guardian"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"827","article-title":"Nicaragua is Dead, Long Live Nicaragua: The Right to Self-Defense under Art. 51 UN-Charter and International Terrorism","author":"carsten","year":"2004","journal-title":"Terrorism as a Challenge of National and InternationalLaw Security versus Liberty?"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139169288"},{"key":"ref37","article-title":"Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts","volume":"ii","year":"2001","journal-title":"Yearbook of the International Law Commission"},{"year":"0","key":"ref36","article-title":"Group of Governmental Experts on Developments in the Field of Information and Telecommunications in the Context of International Security"},{"year":"1945","key":"ref35","article-title":"Charter of the United Nations"},{"year":"0","key":"ref34","article-title":"The UK cybersecurity strategy protecting and promoting the UK in a digital world"},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"Cyber-attacks and the Laws of War","author":"michael","year":"2012","journal-title":"30 Berkeley J Int'l Law 525"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons","volume":"245","year":"1996","journal-title":"Advisory Opinion 1996 I C J 226"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"328","article-title":"Raising the Caroline","volume":"325","year":"1986","journal-title":"Nicaragua v United States of America Case Concerning the Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (merits) I C J 1984 I C J 39 Kearley Timothy (1999)"},{"key":"ref13","article-title":"National Cyber Security Framework Manual","author":"alexander","year":"2012","journal-title":"NATO Cooperative Cyber Defense Center of Excellence"},{"journal-title":"2 John Bassett Moore A Digest of InternationalLaw 412","article-title":"U.S. Secretary of State to Lord Ashburton, British Special Minister (Aug 6, 1842)","year":"1906","key":"ref14"},{"key":"ref15","article-title":"Cybersecurity and Cyberwarfare: Preliminary Assessment of National Doctrine and Organization","author":"lewis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Center for Strategic and InternationalStudies (CSIS)"},{"journal-title":"Cyberdeterrence and Cyberwar","year":"2010","author":"libicki","key":"ref16"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"Hacks of OPM databases compromised 22.1 million people, federal authorities say","author":"ellen","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Washington Post"},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"Recent Egregious Data Breaches — How they Happened","author":"nelson","year":"2016","journal-title":"59 Res Gestae Indiana Bar Journal 34"},{"journal-title":"The Coming Age of Preventive War","year":"2008","author":"nichols","key":"ref19"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"Corresponding Evolution:International Law and the Emergence of Cyber Warfare","author":"bradley","year":"2011","journal-title":"31 Journal of the National Association of Administrative Law Judiciary 602"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"211","article-title":"Contemporary Practice in the United States","volume":"175","author":"daugirdas","year":"2015","journal-title":"American Journal of InternationalLaw"},{"year":"2015","key":"ref27","article-title":"Global State of Information Security Survey, Managing Cyber Risks in an Interconncected World"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Inside Cyber Warfare: Mapping the Cyber Underworld","author":"carr","year":"2009","journal-title":"O'Reilly Media Inc Sebastopol CA"},{"journal-title":"Estonia Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communication viewed at","article-title":"2014–2017 cybersecurity strategy","year":"2014","key":"ref6"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"569","article-title":"Cyber Operations and the Jus Ad Bellum Revisited","volume":"56","author":"schmitt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Villanova Law Review"},{"journal-title":"18 U S C chapter 37(18 U S C § 792 et seq )","year":"0","key":"ref5"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"Swift to Advise Banks on Security as Bangladesh Hack Details Emerge","author":"finkle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reuters"},{"journal-title":"Capitol Hill Washington D C","article-title":"Federal Bureau of Investigation Director James Comey testifies before the Senate Homeland Security Committee hearing on threats to the homeland","year":"2013","key":"ref7"},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"U.S. Suspects Hackers in China Breached About 4 Million People's Records, Officials Say","author":"barrett","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Wall Street Journal"},{"journal-title":"Federal Ministry of the Interior","article-title":"Cyber Security Strategy for Germany","year":"2011","key":"ref9"},{"journal-title":"Fox News","article-title":"Stuxnet Worm Still Out of Control at Iran's Nuclear Sites, Experts Say","year":"2010","key":"ref1"},{"journal-title":"40 International Legal Materials 1267","article-title":"124, Statement by the North Atlantic Council. North American Treaty Organization (NATO)","year":"2001","key":"ref20"},{"year":"0","key":"ref22","article-title":"The Consultation Process and Article 4"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"72, 5","article-title":"Issued by the Heads of State and Government Participating in the Meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Wales","year":"0","journal-title":"North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)\/"},{"article-title":"International Cyber Norms: Legal, Policy & Industry Perspectives","year":"2016","author":"osula","key":"ref24"},{"journal-title":"Contributions from BIAC CSISAC and ITAC Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development","article-title":"Cybersecurity policy making at a turning point: Analyzing a new generation of national cybersecurity strategies for the Internet economy, and Non-governmental Perspectives on a New Generation of National Cybersecurity Strategies","year":"2012","key":"ref23"},{"year":"2016","key":"ref26","article-title":"Global State of Information Security Survey, Turnaround and Transformation in Cybersecurity"},{"key":"ref25","article-title":"NSA Chief Says U.S. at Tipping Point on Cyberweapons","author":"damian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wall Street Journal"}],"event":{"name":"2016 International Conference on Cyber Conflict (CyCon U.S.)","start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,21]]},"location":"Washington, DC, USA","end":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,23]]}},"container-title":["2016 International Conference on Cyber Conflict (CyCon U.S.)"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/7836073\/7836602\/07836617.pdf?arnumber=7836617","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,13]],"date-time":"2017-12-13T15:24:10Z","timestamp":1513178650000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/7836617\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"references-count":38,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/cyconus.2016.7836617","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]}}}