{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,4]],"date-time":"2025-05-04T02:06:44Z","timestamp":1746324404455,"version":"3.28.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"IEEE","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/hpca.2015.7056038","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,10]],"date-time":"2015-03-10T18:13:51Z","timestamp":1426011231000},"page":"259-270","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Understanding the virtualization "Tax" of scale-out pass-through GPUs in GaaS clouds: An empirical study"],"prefix":"10.1109","author":[{"given":"Ming","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neo","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andy","family":"Currid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Troy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","article-title":"Gcelix livegames: remote playing of video games","author":"holthe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Consumer Comm & Networking Conf"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1378191.1378210"},{"journal-title":"Introduction of AMD Advanced Virtual Interrupt Controller","year":"2012","author":"huang","key":"ref33"},{"journal-title":"Intel 64 and IA-32 architectures software developer's manual","year":"2014","key":"ref32"},{"journal-title":"Intel® Virtualization Technology Enterprise Server White Paper","article-title":"Enabling Intel® Virtualization Technology Features and Benefits – Maximizing the benefits of virtualization with Intel's new CPUs and chipsets","year":"2010","key":"ref31"},{"journal-title":"MSI\/MSI-X","year":"0","key":"ref30"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/231863"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2008.4712352"},{"journal-title":"High Precision Event Timer (HPET)","year":"0","key":"ref35"},{"journal-title":"WinDbg","year":"0","key":"ref34"},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"GPUvm: why not virtualizing GPUs at the hypervisor?","author":"suzuki","year":"2014","journal-title":"the Proceedings of the 2014 USENIX Annual Technical Conference"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2072298.2072313"},{"journal-title":"Game input lag problem","year":"0","key":"ref11"},{"journal-title":"Gaikai cloud gaming","year":"0","key":"ref12"},{"journal-title":"GPUView tool","year":"0","key":"ref13"},{"journal-title":"Stream Hardware & Software Survey","year":"0","key":"ref14"},{"journal-title":"Intel VT-d white paper Intel Virtualization Technology for Direct I\/O Architecture Specification","year":"2013","key":"ref15"},{"journal-title":"AMD IOMMU white paper AMD I\/O Virtualization Technology (IOMMU) Specification","year":"2009","key":"ref16"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"Utilizing IOMMUs for virtualization in Linux and Xen","author":"ben-yehuda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proceedings of 2006 Ottawa Linux Symposium (OLS 2006)"},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"Protection strategies for direct access to virtualized I\/O Devices","author":"willmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"the Proceedings of the 2008 USENIX Annual Technical Conference"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"The price of safety: evaluating IOMMU performance","author":"ben-yehuda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 2007 Ottawa Linux Symposium (OLS'07)"},{"journal-title":"Xenoprof","year":"0","key":"ref28"},{"journal-title":"VMware ESX\/ESXi","year":"0","key":"ref4"},{"journal-title":"Intel VTune","year":"0","key":"ref27"},{"journal-title":"XenServer 6 2","year":"0","key":"ref3"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/1618525.1618534","article-title":"GPU virtualization on VMware's hosted I\/O architecture","volume":"43","author":"dowty","year":"2009","journal-title":"ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review"},{"journal-title":"Xentrace\/Xenalyze tool","year":"0","key":"ref29"},{"journal-title":"Distribution and Monetization Strategies to Increase Revenues from Cloud Gaming","year":"2012","key":"ref5"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCS.2010.5547126"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1996130.1996160"},{"journal-title":"Amazon EC 2","year":"0","key":"ref2"},{"key":"ref9","article-title":"GPUvm: why not virtualizing GPUs at the hypervisor?","author":"suzuki","year":"2014","journal-title":"the Proceedings of the 2014 USENIX Annual Technical Conference"},{"journal-title":"Amazon G2 instance","year":"0","key":"ref1"},{"key":"ref20","article-title":"IOMMU: strategies for mitigating the IOTLB Bottleneck","author":"amit","year":"2010","journal-title":"the Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on the Interaction between Operating Systems and Computer Architecture (WIOSCA 2010) held in conjunction with the 2010 International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA-37)"},{"journal-title":"NVIDIA GRID GPUs","year":"0","key":"ref45"},{"journal-title":"NVIDIA Kepler GK110 Architecture Whitepaper","article-title":"NVIDIA's Next Generation CUDA™ Compute Architecture: Kepler™ GK110","year":"2012","key":"ref22"},{"journal-title":"Intel Sandy Bridge","year":"0","key":"ref21"},{"journal-title":"Parallelism on the Desktop","year":"0","key":"ref42"},{"journal-title":"Unigine Heaven overview","year":"0","key":"ref24"},{"key":"ref41","article-title":"Augmented compression for server-side rendering","author":"giesen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc International Workshop on Vision Modeling and Visualization"},{"journal-title":"GRID K340 and K520 GPUs","year":"0","key":"ref23"},{"journal-title":"VMGL","year":"0","key":"ref44"},{"journal-title":"Vsync Interrupt","year":"0","key":"ref26"},{"key":"ref43","article-title":"Blink: Advanced display multiplexing for virtualized applications","author":"hansen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Int Workshop Network and Operating Systems Support for Digital Audio and Video"},{"journal-title":"3DMark overview","year":"0","key":"ref25"}],"event":{"name":"2015 IEEE 21st International Symposium on High Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA)","start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,7]]},"location":"Burlingame, CA, USA","end":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,11]]}},"container-title":["2015 IEEE 21st International Symposium on High Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA)"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/7048058\/7056013\/07056038.pdf?arnumber=7056038","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,23]],"date-time":"2017-06-23T03:04:01Z","timestamp":1498187041000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/7056038\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"references-count":45,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/hpca.2015.7056038","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]}}}