{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T16:20:03Z","timestamp":1781886003060,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"IEEE","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]],"date-time":"2019-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]],"date-time":"2019-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567296000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]],"date-time":"2019-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567296000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/hpec.2019.8916327","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,29]],"date-time":"2019-11-29T07:11:36Z","timestamp":1575011496000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":167,"title":["Survey and Benchmarking of Machine Learning Accelerators"],"prefix":"10.1109","author":[{"given":"Albert","family":"Reuther","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Michaleas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijay","family":"Gadepally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siddharth","family":"Samsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Kepner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref73","author":"hemsoth","year":"2018","journal-title":"First Wave of Spiking Neural Network Hardware Hits"},{"key":"ref72","author":"feldman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wave Computing Launches Machine Learning Appliance"},{"key":"ref71","author":"cutress","year":"2018","journal-title":"NVIDIA&#x2019;s DGX-2 Sixteen Tesla V100s 30TB of NVMe Only $400K"},{"key":"ref70","author":"alcorn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nvidia Infuses DGX-1 with Volta Eight V100s in a Single Chassis"},{"key":"ref76","author":"hemsoth","year":"2018","journal-title":"A Mythic Approach to Deep Learning Inference"},{"key":"ref77","year":"2018","journal-title":"Announcing AWS Inferentia Machine Learning Inference Chip"},{"key":"ref74","author":"knight","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cheaper AI for Everyone is the Promise with Intel and Facebook&#x2019;s New Chip"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3020078.3021745"},{"key":"ref75","author":"morra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Groq Portrays Power of Its Artificial Intelligence Silicon"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2017.2705069"},{"key":"ref78","author":"merritt","year":"2019","journal-title":"AI Vet Pushes for Neuromorphic Chips - EE Times"},{"key":"ref79","author":"wong","year":"2018","journal-title":"BrainChip Unveils Akida Architecture"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11704-016-6159-1"},{"key":"ref32","author":"hruska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nvidia&#x2019;s Jetson Xavier Stuffs Volta Performance Into Tiny Form Factor"},{"key":"ref31","author":"franklin","year":"2017","journal-title":"NVIDIA Jetson TX2 Delivers Twice the Intelligence to the Edge"},{"key":"ref30","author":"frumusanu","year":"2018","journal-title":"HiSilicon Announces The Kirin 980 First A76 G76 on 7nm"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/FPL.2017.8056820"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/FPL.2017.8056771"},{"key":"ref35","article-title":"A Survey of FPGABased Neural Network Accelerator","author":"guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv 1712 08934"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-018-3761-1"},{"key":"ref60","author":"smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"AMD Announces Radeon Instinct MI60 & MI50 Accelerators Powered By 7nm Vega"},{"key":"ref62","author":"teich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tearing Apart Google&#x2019;s TPU 3 0 AI Coprocessor"},{"key":"ref61","author":"rao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Beyond the CPU or GPU Why Enterprise-Scale Artificial Intelligence Requires a More Holistic Approach"},{"key":"ref63","author":"lacey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Preliminary IPU Benchmarks"},{"key":"ref28","author":"peng","year":"2018","journal-title":"AI Chip Duel Apple A12 Bionic vs Huawei Kirin 980"},{"key":"ref64","author":"armasu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Move Over GPUs Startup&#x2019;s Chip Claims to Do Deep Learning Inference Better"},{"key":"ref27","author":"frumusanu","year":"2018","journal-title":"The iphone xs and xs max review Unveiling the silicon secrets"},{"key":"ref65","author":"feldman","year":"2019","journal-title":"AI Chip Startup Puts Inference Cards on the Table"},{"key":"ref66","author":"hemsoth","year":"2017","journal-title":"First In-Depth View of Wave Computing&#x2019;s DPU Architecture System"},{"key":"ref29","author":"frumusanu","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Samsung Galaxy S9 and S9+ Review Exynos and Snapdragon at 960fps"},{"key":"ref67","author":"cutress","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cambricon Maker of Hauwei&#x2019;s Kirin NPU IP Build a Big AI Chip and PCIe Card"},{"key":"ref68","author":"merritt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Baidu Accelerator Rises in AI"},{"key":"ref69","author":"duckett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Baidu creates kunlun silicon for ai"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSCC.2014.6757323"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCSE.2017.29"},{"key":"ref20","article-title":"Edge TPU","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MICRO.2014.58"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2996864"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2786763.2694358"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2872887.2750389"},{"key":"ref26","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rockchip Released Its First AI Processor RK3399Pro NPU Performance up to 2 4TOPs"},{"key":"ref25","author":"merritt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Startup Accelerates AI at the Sensor"},{"key":"ref50","year":"2019","journal-title":"Xeon Phi"},{"key":"ref51","author":"hemsoth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intel FPGA Architecture Focuses on Deep Learning Inference"},{"key":"ref94","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mercury Systems BuiltSAFE CIOV-2231"},{"key":"ref93","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curtiss-Wright 3U Intel Single Board Computers"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00474"},{"key":"ref91","first-page":"740","author":"lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microsoft coco Common objects in context"},{"key":"ref90","first-page":"21","author":"liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ssd Single shot multibox detector"},{"key":"ref59","year":"2017","journal-title":"Taking a Deeper Look at AMD Radeon Instinct GPUs for Deep Learning"},{"key":"ref58","author":"kilgariff","year":"2018","journal-title":"NVIDIA Turing Architecture In-Depth"},{"key":"ref57","author":"smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"16GB NVIDIA Tesla V100 Gets Reprieve Remains in Production"},{"key":"ref56","year":"2019","journal-title":"VIDIA Tesla V100 Tensor Core GPU"},{"key":"ref55","author":"smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"NVIDIA Announces Tesla P100 Accelerator -Pascal GP100 Power for HPC"},{"key":"ref54","year":"0","journal-title":"NVIDIA Tesla P100"},{"key":"ref53","author":"smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"NVIDIA Launches Tesla K80 GK210 GPU"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FPL.2018.00077"},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks","volume":"25","author":"krizhevsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3154484"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FCCM.2017.64"},{"key":"ref12","author":"minsky","year":"1967","journal-title":"Computation Finite and Infinite Machines"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"1737","article-title":"Deep Learning with Limited Numerical Precision","author":"gupta","year":"2015","journal-title":"in Proceedings of the 32Nd International Conference on International Conference on Machine Learning -Volume 37 ser ICML&#x2019;15 JMLR org"},{"key":"ref14","article-title":"Convnet Burden","author":"albanie","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Eyeriss: A Spatial Architecture for Energy-Efficient Dataflow for Convolutional Neural Networks","author":"chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Micro"},{"key":"ref82","author":"olofsson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epiphany-V A 1024-core 64-bit RISC processor - Parallella"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2016.2616357"},{"key":"ref81","article-title":"Tesla Says Its New Self-Driving Chip Will Help Make Its Cars Autonomous","author":"hao","year":"2019","journal-title":"MIT Technology Review"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2015.2474396"},{"key":"ref84","author":"chafkin","year":"2018","journal-title":"China&#x2019;s Crypto-Chips King Sets His Sights on AI-Bloomberg"},{"key":"ref18","author":"feldman","year":"2016","journal-title":"IBM Finds Killer App for TrueNorth Neuromorphic Chip"},{"key":"ref83","author":"horwitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chinese AI chip maker Horizon Robotics raises $600 million from SK Hynix others -Reuters"},{"key":"ref19","author":"hruska","year":"2017","journal-title":"New Movidius Myriad X VPU Packs a Custom Neural Compute Engine"},{"key":"ref80","author":"merritt","year":"2018","journal-title":"BrainChip Discloses SNN Chip"},{"key":"ref89","article-title":"MobileNets: Efficient Convolutional Neural Networks for Mobile Vision Applications","author":"howard","year":"2017","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv 1704 04861"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"AI Enabling Technologies","author":"gadepally","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lexington MA Lincoln Laboratory Journal"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3282307"},{"key":"ref6","article-title":"An Analysis of Deep Neural Network Models for Practical Applications","author":"canziani","year":"2016","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv 1605 07678"},{"key":"ref5","article-title":"The Neural Network Zoo","author":"van veen","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref85","author":"tenenbaum","year":"2017","journal-title":"As computing moves to cloud UW-Madison spinoff offers faster cleaner chip for data centers"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"Mixed precision training","author":"narang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc of ICLR"},{"key":"ref86","author":"yoshida","year":"2018","journal-title":"Startup Runs Spiking Neural Network on Arm - EE Times"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2017.2761740"},{"key":"ref49","author":"jeffers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Intel Xeon Phi Processor High Performance Programming Knights Landing Edition 2Nd Edition"},{"key":"ref87","author":"yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alibaba to launch own AI chip next year - ZDNet"},{"key":"ref88","year":"2018","journal-title":"Amazon Web Services Announces 13 New Machine Learning Services and Capabilities Including a Custom Chip for Machine Learning Inference and a 1\/18 Scale Autonomous Race Car for Developers"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1498765.1498785"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2934583.2934644"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/FPL.2017.8056823"},{"key":"ref48","year":"2019","journal-title":"Intel xeon platinum 8180 processor"},{"key":"ref47","author":"rodriguez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Intel Processors for Deep Learning Training"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3020078.3021736"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ASAP.2017.7995253"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3020078.3021738"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3020078.3021698"}],"event":{"name":"2019 IEEE High Performance Extreme Computing Conference (HPEC)","location":"Waltham, MA, USA","start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,24]]},"end":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,26]]}},"container-title":["2019 IEEE High Performance Extreme Computing Conference (HPEC)"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/8910148\/8916214\/08916327.pdf?arnumber=8916327","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]],"date-time":"2022-07-18T10:47:02Z","timestamp":1658141222000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8916327\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"references-count":94,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/hpec.2019.8916327","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}}}