{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T16:21:14Z","timestamp":1781281274481,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":163,"publisher":"IEEE","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757894400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757894400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/hpec67600.2025.11196427","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T17:35:37Z","timestamp":1760636137000},"page":"1-12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Lincoln AI Computing Survey (LAICS) and Trends"],"prefix":"10.1109","author":[{"given":"Albert","family":"Reuther","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory Supercomputing Center,Lexington,MA,USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Michaleas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory Supercomputing Center,Lexington,MA,USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory Supercomputing Center,Lexington,MA,USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijay","family":"Gadepally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory Supercomputing Center,Lexington,MA,USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Kepner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory Supercomputing Center,Lexington,MA,USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1498765.1498785"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HPEC58863.2023.10363568"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HPEC55821.2022.9926331"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HPEC49654.2021.9622867"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HPEC43674.2020.9286149"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/hpec.2019.8916327"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1117\/12.205116","article-title":"Survey of neural network hardware","volume-title":"SPIE 2492, Applications and Science of Artificial Neural Networks","volume":"2492","author":"Lindsey","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"Neural networks in hardware: A survey","volume-title":"Tech. Rep.","author":"Liao","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"239","article-title":"Artificial neural networks in hardware: A survey of two decades of progress","volume-title":"Neurocomputing","volume":"74","author":"Misra","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jproc.2017.2761740"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-01766-7","volume-title":"Efficient Processing of Deep Neural Networks.","author":"Sze","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2529407"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2020.01.007"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3309551"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.51593\/20190014","article-title":"Ai chips: What they are and why they matter","volume-title":"Tech. Rep.","author":"Khan","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"181","volume-title":"Digital Neural Network Accelerators.","author":"Rueckert","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"An academic\u2019s attempt to clear the fog of the machine learning accelerator war \u2014 sigarch","author":"Rogers","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3459009"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"Startup accelerates ai at the sensor","author":"Merritt","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref20","article-title":"Alibaba\u2019s new ai chip can process nearly 80k images per second","author":"Peng","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref21","article-title":"How aws can undercut nvidia with homegrown ai compute engines","author":"Morgan","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref22","article-title":"The third time charm of amd\u2019s instinct gpu","author":"Morgan","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref23","article-title":"Amd gives nvidia some serious heat in gpu compute","author":"Morgan","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref24","article-title":"Amd announces mi350x and mi355x ai gpus, claims up to 4x generational performance gain, 35x faster inference","author":"Alcorn","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref25","article-title":"Arm ethos is for ubiquitous ai at the edge","author":"Schor","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref26","article-title":"Aspinity aml100"},{"key":"ref27","article-title":"Aspinity takes on tinyml, claiming the industry\u2019s first fully analog ml chip","author":"Hertz","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"Aspinity aml200"},{"key":"ref29","article-title":"Axelera demos ai test chip after taping out in four months","author":"Ward-Foxton","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSCC42613.2021.9366056"},{"key":"ref31","article-title":"Baidu accelerator rises in ai","author":"Merritt","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref32","article-title":"Baidu creates kunlun silicon for ai","author":"Duckett","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref33","article-title":"Baidu unveils kunlun ii ai chip: Rival for nvidia a100","author":"Shilov","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref34","article-title":"Chinese startup biren details br100 gpu","author":"Peckham","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref35","article-title":"Chinese gpu firm biren plans ipo to better compete against nvidia","author":"Shilov","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref36","article-title":"Chinese biren\u2019s new gpus have 77 billion transistors, 2 pflops of ai performance","author":"Shilov","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref37","article-title":"Blaize ignites edge-ai performance","volume-title":"Tech. Rep.","author":"Demler","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref38","article-title":"China\u2019s cambricon posts first profit as demand for this nvidia rival\u2019s ai processors explodes","author":"Shilov","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref39","article-title":"Cambricon mlu290-m5","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref40","article-title":"Cambricon mlu370-x8","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref41","article-title":"Kendryte embeds ai for surveillance","author":"Gwennap","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref42","article-title":"Introducing the cerebras cs-1, the industry\u2019s fastest artificial intelligence computer","author":"Hock","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref43","article-title":"Cerebras doubles ai performance with second-gen 7nm wafer scale engine","author":"Trader","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref44","article-title":"Cerebras goes hyperscale with third gen waferscale supercomputers","author":"Morgan","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref45","article-title":"Coherent logix configures edge ai","author":"Demler","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref46","article-title":"D-matrix targets fast llm inference for \u2018real world scenarios\u2019 - ee times","author":"Ward-Foxton","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref47","article-title":"Globalfoundries aids launch of chinese ai startup","author":"Clarke","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref48","article-title":"Furiosaai\u2019s rngd at hot chips 2024: Accelerating ai with a more flexible primitive","author":"Lam","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCA59077.2024.00069"},{"key":"ref50","article-title":"Edge tpu","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3360307"},{"key":"ref52","article-title":"Tearing apart google\u2019s tpu 3.0 ai coprocessor","author":"Teich","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCA52012.2021.00010"},{"key":"ref54","article-title":"Google cloud\u2019s new tpu v4 ml hub packs 9 exaflops of ai","author":"Peckham","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref55","article-title":"With \u201dironwood\" tpu, google pushes the ai accelerator to the floor","author":"Morgan","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref56","article-title":"Groq rocks neural networks","volume-title":"Microprocessor Report, Tech. Rep.","author":"Gwennap","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref57","article-title":"Preliminary ipu benchmarks","author":"Lacey","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref58","article-title":"Dell dss8440 graphcore ipu server","volume-title":"Tech. Rep.","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref59","article-title":"Graphcore takes on nvidia with second-gen ai accelerator","author":"Ward-Foxton","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref60","article-title":"Graphcore bow ipu introduces tsmc 3d wafer-on-wafer processor","author":"Tyson","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref61","article-title":"Gap application processors","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref62","article-title":"Gap9 for ml at the edge","author":"Turley","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref63","article-title":"Groq shares recipe for tsp nodes, systems","author":"Hemsoth","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/isca45697.2020.00023"},{"key":"ref65","article-title":"Gyrfalcon unveils fourth ai accelerator chip \u2014 ee times","author":"Ward-Foxton","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref66","article-title":"Solidrun, gyrfalcon develop arm-based edge optimized ai inference server","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref67","article-title":"Details of hailo ai edge accelerator emerge","author":"Ward-Foxton","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref68","article-title":"Hailo adds vision processor socs for smart cameras","author":"Ward-Foxton","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref69","article-title":"Horizon robotics journey2 automotive ai processor series","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref70","article-title":"Ascend 310 ai processor","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref71","article-title":"Huawei\u2019s hisilicon can compete with nvidia gpus in china","author":"Morgan","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref72","article-title":"Huawei reportedly acquired two million ascend 910 ai chips from tsmc last year through shell companies","author":"Shilov","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSCC49657.2024.10454451"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HPEC62836.2024.10938474"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HPEC62836.2024.10938418"},{"key":"ref76","article-title":"Ibm shows off next-gen ai acceleration, on chip dpu for big iron","author":"Morgan","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HCS61935.2024.10665304"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/fpl.2018.00077"},{"key":"ref79","article-title":"Intel fpga architecture focuses on deep learning inference","author":"Hemsoth","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref80","article-title":"Different gpu horses for different datacenter courses","author":"Morgan","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref81","article-title":"Habana offers gaudi for ai training","volume-title":"Microprocessor Report, Tech. Rep.","author":"Gwennap","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mm.2020.2975185"},{"key":"ref83","article-title":"Habana wins cigar for ai inference","author":"Gwennap","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref84","article-title":"Intel introduces gaudi 3 ai accelerator: Going bigger and aiming higher in ai market","author":"Smith","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref85","article-title":"Intel pits new gaudi2 ai training engine against nvidia gpus","author":"Morgan","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref86","article-title":"Kalray\u2019s mppa\u00ae manycore processor: At the heart of intelligent systems","volume-title":"17th IEEE International New Circuits and Systems Conference (NEWCAS).","author":"de Dinechin"},{"key":"ref87","article-title":"Nxp, kalray demo coolidge parallel processor in \u2019bluebox\u2019","author":"Clarke","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref88","article-title":"Kneron attracts strategic investors","author":"Ward-Foxton","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref89","article-title":"Maxim debuts homegrown ai accelerator in latest ulp soc","author":"Ward-Foxton","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref90","article-title":"Maxim showcases efficient custom ai","author":"Jani","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2622390"},{"key":"ref92","article-title":"Adding low-power ai\/ml inference to edge devices","author":"Leibson","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref93","article-title":"Meta platforms crafts homegrown ai inference chip, ai training next","author":"Morgan","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3579371.3589348"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3695053.3731409"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HCS61935.2024.10665192"},{"key":"ref97","article-title":"New chinese office gpu can double as a budget 1080p gaming gpu \u2014 mtt s50 wields 2,048 musa cores, 8gb vram, 85w tgp","author":"Klotz","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref98","article-title":"Mythic resizes its ai chip","author":"Ward-Foxton","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref99","article-title":"A mythic approach to deep learning inference","author":"Hemsoth","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref100","article-title":"Mythic @ hot chips 2018","author":"Fick","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref101","article-title":"Ces 2024: Neuchips demos low-power ai upgrade for pcs","author":"Smith","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref102","article-title":"Novumind: An early entrant in ai silicon","volume-title":"Tech. Rep.","author":"Freund","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref103","article-title":"Novumind\u2019s ai chip sparks controversy","author":"Yoshida","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref104","article-title":"Nvidia rounds out \u201dampere\" lineup with two new accelerators","author":"Morgan","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref105","article-title":"Nvidia ampere architecture in-depth","author":"Krashinsky","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref106","article-title":"Nvidia\u2019s chinese a800 gpu\u2019s performance revealed","author":"Shilov","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref107","article-title":"How nvidia blackwell systems attack 1 trillion parameter ai models","author":"Morgan","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref108","article-title":"Defining ai innovation with nvidia dgx a100","author":"Campa","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref109","article-title":"Nvidia unveils hopper gh100 powered dgx h100, dgx pod h100, h100 pcie accelerators","author":"Mujtaba","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref110","article-title":"Nvidia hgx platform","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref111","article-title":"Nvidia\u2019s four workhorses of the ai inference revolution","author":"Morgan","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref112","article-title":"Nvidia hopper gpu architecture and h100 accelerator announced: Working smarter and harder","author":"Smith","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref113","article-title":"The separate but equal ai realms of china and the us","author":"Morgan","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref114","article-title":"H200 tensor core gpu \u2014 nvidia","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref115","article-title":"Nvidia gives jetson agx xavier a trim, announces nano-sized jetson xavier nx","author":"Smith","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref116","article-title":"Nvidia jetson agx orin: The next-gen platform that will power our ai robot overlords unveiled","author":"Funk","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref117","article-title":"Jetson agx orin for next-gen robotics","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref118","article-title":"Nvidia unveils ampere-infused drive agx for autonomous cars, isaac robotics platform with bmw partnership","author":"Hill","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref119","article-title":"Nvidia l40","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref120","article-title":"Nvidia l40s gpu for data center visualization launched","author":"Robinson","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref121","article-title":"Nvidia turing architecture in-depth","author":"Kilgariff","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref122","article-title":"Nvidia tesla v100 tensor core gpu","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref123","article-title":"16gb nvidia tesla v100 gets reprieve; remains in production","author":"Smith","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref124","article-title":"Perceive exits stealth with super efficient machine learning chip for smarter devices","author":"McGregor","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref125","article-title":"Mn-core","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref126","article-title":"Preferred networks: A 500 w custom pcie card using 3000 mm2 silicon","author":"Cutress","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/VLSICircuits52068.2021.9492395"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HCS61935.2024.10664802"},{"key":"ref129","article-title":"Quadric edge supercomputer","volume-title":"Tech. Rep.","author":"Firu","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref130","article-title":"Qualcomm cloud ai 100 promises impressive performance per watt for near-edge ai","author":"Ward-Foxton","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref131","article-title":"Qualcomm targets ai inferencing in the cloud","author":"McGrath","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref132","article-title":"Qualcomm robotics rb5 platform puts 5g, ai in developers\u2019 hands","author":"Crowe","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref133","article-title":"Qualcomm robotics rb6 platform","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref134","article-title":"Rebellions: From high frequency trading to ai acceleration","author":"Cozma","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref135","article-title":"Rebellions builds chiplet roadmap, merges with sapeon","author":"Ward-Foxton","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref136","article-title":"Performance and efficiency gains of npu-based servers over gpus for ai model inference","volume-title":"Systems","volume":"13","author":"Hong","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref137","article-title":"Machine learning moves to the edge","volume-title":"Microprocessor Report, Tech. Rep.","author":"Gwennap","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref138","article-title":"Tech heavyweights back ai chip startup","author":"McGrath","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref139","article-title":"Startup rolls ai chips for audio","author":"Merritt","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref140","article-title":"Syntiant pitches latest low-power ai chip as llm companion","author":"Ward-Foxton","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref141","article-title":"Tachyum teases 128-core cpu: 5.7 ghz, 950w, 16 ddr5 channels","author":"Shilov","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref142","article-title":"Tenstorrent scales ai performance: Architecture leads in data-center power efficiency","volume-title":"Microprocessor Report, Tech. Rep.","author":"Gwennap","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSCC42614.2022.9731633"},{"key":"ref144","article-title":"Tenstorrent launches wormhole ai processors: 466 fp8 tflops at 300w","author":"Shilov","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref145","article-title":"Tenstorrent details its risc-v packed blackhole chips","author":"Mann","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref146","article-title":"Blackhole","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mm.2020.2975764"},{"key":"ref148","article-title":"Fsd chip - tesla","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MM.2023.3258906"},{"key":"ref150","article-title":"Inside tesla\u2019s innovative and homegrown \u201ddojo\" ai supercomputer","author":"Morgan","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref151","article-title":"Ti\u2019s first automotive soc with an ai accelerator launches","author":"Ward-Foxton","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref152","article-title":"Tda4vm jacinto processors for adas and autonomous vehicles","volume-title":"Tech. Rep.","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref153","article-title":"Ti jacinto accelerates level 3 adas","author":"Demler","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref154","article-title":"Samsung, toshiba detail ai chips","author":"Merritt","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref155","article-title":"Ibm finds killer app for truenorth neuromorphic chip","author":"Feldman","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1604850113"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tcad.2015.2474396"},{"key":"ref158","article-title":"Raptor n3000","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref159","article-title":"Untether ai shuts down, engineering team joins amd","author":"Ward-Foxton","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref160","article-title":"Ai startup esperanto winds down silicon business","author":"Ward-Foxton","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref161","article-title":"China\u2019s baidu says its kunlun chip cluster can train deepseek-like models \u2014 reuters","author":"Pan","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MM.2017.60"},{"key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3711920"}],"event":{"name":"2025 IEEE High Performance Extreme Computing Conference (HPEC)","location":"Wakefield, MA, USA","start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]]},"end":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]]}},"container-title":["2025 IEEE High Performance Extreme Computing Conference (HPEC)"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/11196085\/11196088\/11196427.pdf?arnumber=11196427","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T04:47:15Z","timestamp":1760676435000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11196427\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]]},"references-count":163,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/hpec67600.2025.11196427","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]]}}}