{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T06:18:59Z","timestamp":1769062739998,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"IEEE","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/icassp.2018.8461704","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,21]],"date-time":"2018-09-21T22:24:48Z","timestamp":1537568688000},"page":"6109-6113","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Neural Network Language Modeling with Letter-Based Features and Importance Sampling"],"prefix":"10.1109","author":[{"given":"Hainan","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yiming","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiyin","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Povey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sanjeev","family":"Khudanpur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref10","first-page":"4893","article-title":"Variance regularization of rnnlm for speech recognition","author":"shi","year":"2014","journal-title":"ICASSP"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"Large scale hierarchical neural network language models","author":"kuo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thirteenth Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association"},{"key":"ref12","author":"mikolov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Subword language modeling with neural networks"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"2741","article-title":"Character-aware neural language models","author":"kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"AAAI"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D16-1209"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"2333","article-title":"Learning deep structured semantic models for web search using clickthrough data","author":"huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceedings of ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/E17-2025"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2018.8461974","article-title":"A pruned rnnlm lattice-rescoring algorithm for aumatic speech recognition","author":"xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP) 2018 IEEE International Conference on"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/85.1.89"},{"key":"ref19","author":"martin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tensor-Flow Large-scale machine learning on heterogeneous systems"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"196","article-title":"Rnnlm-recurrent neural network language modeling toolkit","author":"mikolov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc of the 2011 ASRU Workshop"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"765","article-title":"Connection-ist language modeling for large vocabulary continuous speech recognition","volume":"1","author":"schwenk","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP) 2002 IEEE International Conference on"},{"key":"ref6","article-title":"The kaldi speech recognition toolkit","author":"povey","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE 2011 Workshop on Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding IEEE Signal Processing Society"},{"key":"ref5","author":"jozefowicz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exploring the limits of language modeling"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2016.7472829"},{"key":"ref7","article-title":"Context dependent recurrent neural network language model","author":"mikolov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proceedings of SLT"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"1137","article-title":"A neural probabilistic language model","volume":"3","author":"bengio","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1006\/csla.2001.0174","article-title":"A bit of progress in language modeling","volume":"15","author":"joshua","year":"2001","journal-title":"Computer Speech & Language"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"297","article-title":"Noise-contrastive estimation: A new estimation principle for unnormalized statistical models","author":"gutmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics"},{"key":"ref20","article-title":"Pronunciation and silence probability modeling for asr","author":"chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sixteenth Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21437\/Interspeech.2016-595"},{"key":"ref21","article-title":"A time delay neural network architecture for efficient modeling of long temporal contexts","author":"peddinti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sixteenth Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"5220","article-title":"A study on data augmentation of reverberant speech for robust speech recognition","author":"tom","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP) 2017 IEEE International Conference on"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.21437\/Interspeech.2017-1323","article-title":"Backstitch: Counteracting finite-sample bias via negative steps","author":"wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"InterSpeech"}],"event":{"name":"ICASSP 2018 - 2018 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","location":"Calgary, AB","start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,15]]},"end":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,20]]}},"container-title":["2018 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/8450881\/8461260\/08461704.pdf?arnumber=8461704","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,24]],"date-time":"2020-08-24T02:26:42Z","timestamp":1598236002000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8461704\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"references-count":24,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/icassp.2018.8461704","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]}}}