{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T00:29:27Z","timestamp":1766449767748,"version":"3.28.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"IEEE","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]],"date-time":"2021-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620000000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]],"date-time":"2021-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620000000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/icbc51069.2021.9461066","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]],"date-time":"2021-06-24T16:16:55Z","timestamp":1624551415000},"page":"1-5","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Securing Proof-of-Work Ledgers via Checkpointing"],"prefix":"10.1109","author":[{"given":"Dimitris","family":"Karakostas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Edinburgh and IOHK"}]},{"given":"Aggelos","family":"Kiayias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Edinburgh and IOHK"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref10","article-title":"Generalized communication and security models in byzantine agreement","author":"fitzi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ph D Dissertation"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-46803-6_10","volume":"9057","author":"garay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Advances in Cryptology &#x2013; EUROCRYPT 2015 Part II"},{"key":"ref12","article-title":"Stake-bleeding attacks on proof-of-stake blockchains","author":"ga\u017ei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cryptology ePrint Archive Report 2018\/248"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3132747.3132757"},{"article-title":"Decentralized trusted times-tamping using the crypto currency bitcoin","year":"2015","author":"gipp","key":"ref14"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00196791"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3211933.3211944"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"Speed-security tradeoffs in blockchain protocols","author":"kiayias","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cryptology ePrint Archive Report 2015\/1019"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-63688-7_12"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"279","article-title":"Enhancing bitcoin security and performance with strong consistency via collective signing","author":"kokoris-kogias","year":"2016","journal-title":"USENIX Security 2016 25th USENIX Security Symposium"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-54970-4_30"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"173","article-title":"Practical byzantine fault tolerance","author":"castro","year":"0"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/322186.322188"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"236","article-title":"Incentives in ethereum&#x2019;s hybrid casper protocol","author":"buterin","year":"0","journal-title":"IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency ICBC 2019 Seoul Korea (South) May 14-17 2019"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-78375-8_3"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EuroSPW.2019.00046"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-32101-7_2"},{"year":"2018","key":"ref8","article-title":"Proof of stake faqs"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPADS.2015.99"},{"article-title":"Casper the friendly finality gadget","year":"2017","author":"buterin","key":"ref2"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-45472-5_28"},{"article-title":"On stake","year":"2014","author":"buterin","key":"ref1"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/357172.357176"},{"key":"ref22","article-title":"Afgjort: A partially synchronous finality layer for blockchains","author":"magri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cryptology ePrint Archive Report 2019\/504"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-67816-0_17"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"305","article-title":"In search of an understandable consensus algorithm","author":"ongaro","year":"0"},{"article-title":"Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system","year":"2008","author":"nakamoto","key":"ref23"},{"key":"ref26","article-title":"Thunderella: Blockchains with optimistic instant confirmation","author":"pass","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cryptology ePrint Archive Report 2017\/913"},{"key":"ref25","article-title":"Hybrid consensus: Efficient consensus in the permissionless model","author":"pass","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cryptology ePrint Archive Report 2016\/917"}],"event":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]]},"location":"Sydney, Australia","end":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]]}},"container-title":["2021 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/9460986\/9461049\/09461066.pdf?arnumber=9461066","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]],"date-time":"2022-08-02T20:01:25Z","timestamp":1659470485000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9461066\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]]},"references-count":29,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/icbc51069.2021.9461066","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]]}}}