{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T17:57:45Z","timestamp":1773511065211,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"IEEE","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]],"date-time":"2022-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651449600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]],"date-time":"2022-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651449600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/icbc54727.2022.9805533","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]],"date-time":"2022-06-29T15:46:19Z","timestamp":1656517579000},"page":"1-16","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["SOK: A Comprehensive Survey on Distributed Ledger Technologies"],"prefix":"10.1109","author":[{"given":"Badr","family":"Bellaj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National des Postes et T&#x00E9;l&#x00E9;communications,Rabat,Morocco"}]},{"given":"Aafaf","family":"Ouaddah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National des Postes et T&#x00E9;l&#x00E9;communications,Rabat,Morocco"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Bertin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orange,France"}]},{"given":"Noel","family":"Crespi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telecom SudParis,Paris,France"}]},{"given":"Abdellatif","family":"Mezrioui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National des Postes et T&#x00E9;l&#x00E9;communications,Rabat,Morocco"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-56877-1_16"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNP.2018.00016"},{"key":"ref39","article-title":"ARDOR Whitepaper","year":"0"},{"key":"ref38","article-title":"IGNIS &#x2014; NXTER.ORG","year":"0"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"5","article-title":"On computable numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem","volume":"58","author":"turing","year":"1936","journal-title":"J of Mathematics"},{"key":"ref32","article-title":"Intuitive Stellar Consensus Protocol &#x2013; Developers Blog","year":"0"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-22846-4_10"},{"key":"ref30","article-title":"The stellar consensus protocol: A federated model for internet-level consensus","volume":"32","author":"mazieres","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stellar Development Foundation"},{"key":"ref37","article-title":"Stellar Smart Contracts &#x2014; Stellar Developers","year":"0"},{"key":"ref36","article-title":"GitHub - s-tikhomirov\/smart-contract-languages: A curated collection of resources on smart contract programming languages","author":"tikhomirov","year":"0"},{"key":"ref35","article-title":"Multichain private blockchain-white paper","author":"greenspan","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"1","article-title":"Enabling Blockchain Innovations with Pegged Sidechains","author":"back","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref60","article-title":"MetaMask","year":"0"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2925010"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EuroSPW.2019.00048"},{"key":"ref63","article-title":"EOS Voting Pattern Analysis","author":"voting","year":"0"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"THE SWIRLDS HASHGRAPH CONSENSUS ALGORITHM: FAIR, FAST, BYZANTINE FAULT TOLERANCE","author":"baird","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref64","article-title":"Debate 2017. No Incentive? Algorand Blockchain Sparks Debate at Cryptography Event","year":"0"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/357172.357176"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3318041.3355463"},{"key":"ref66","article-title":"bips\/bip-0009.mediawiki at master &#x2022; bitcoin\/bips &#x2022; GitHub","year":"0"},{"key":"ref29","article-title":"The ripple protocol consensus algorithm","volume":"5","author":"schwartz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ripple Labs Inc White Paper"},{"key":"ref67","article-title":"Procedure for Upgrading from v1.0.x &#x2014; hyperledger-fabricdocs master documentation","author":"fabric","year":"0"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3328526.3329567"},{"key":"ref69","article-title":"Notaries &#x2014; Corda OS 4.4 &#x2014; Corda Documentation","year":"0"},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"Litecoin","author":"team","year":"0"},{"key":"ref1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System","author":"nakamoto","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3190508.3190538"},{"key":"ref22","article-title":"Bigchaindb: a scalable blockchain database","author":"mcconaghy","year":"2016","journal-title":"white paper BigChainDB"},{"key":"ref21","article-title":"Eos-an introduction","author":"grigg","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.1977.229904"},{"key":"ref23","article-title":"Blockchain basics: Glossary and use cases","author":"brakeville","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/42282.42283"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-56614-6_22"},{"key":"ref50","article-title":"Cosmos: A network of distributed ledgers","author":"kwon","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref51","article-title":"ics\/ibc at master &#x2022; cosmos\/ics &#x2022; GitHub","year":"0"},{"key":"ref59","article-title":"Ethereum API &#x2014; IPFS API Gateway &#x2014; ETH Nodes as a Service &#x2014; Infura","year":"0"},{"key":"ref58","article-title":"camel\/web3j-component.adoc at master &#x2022; apache\/camel&#x2022; GitHub","year":"0"},{"key":"ref57","article-title":"Provable - blockchain oracle service, enabling data-rich smart contracts","year":"0"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2976749.2978326"},{"key":"ref55","article-title":"GitHub - randao\/randao: RANDAO: A DAO working as RNG of Ethereum","year":"0"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2926880"},{"key":"ref53","article-title":"Wanchain 4.0 T-Bridge Framework Tech Explainer: Part 1 &#x2014; General Overview - Wanchain","year":"0"},{"key":"ref52","article-title":"Open platform for Web 3.0 applications","year":"0"},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"Focus Group on Application of Distributed Ledger Technology","year":"0"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/78973.78977"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-30942-8_35"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-58820-8_6"},{"key":"ref13","article-title":"Bitcoin-ng: A scalable blockchain protocol","author":"eyal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 13th USENIX Symposium"},{"key":"ref14","article-title":"ByzCoin: Securely Scaling Blockchains","author":"jovanovic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hacking Distributed"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"1271","article-title":"{CHAINIAC}: Proactive software-update transparency via collectively signed skipchains and verified builds","author":"nikitin","year":"2017","journal-title":"26th USENIX Security Symposium ( USENIX Security 17)"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-25283-0_18"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"Byteball: A decentralized system for storage and transfer of value","author":"churyumov","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"RaiBlocks: A feeless distributed cryptocurrency network","author":"lemahieu","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"Corda: A distributed ledger","volume":"2016","author":"hearn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tech white paper"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"The Tangle","author":"popov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tech Rep"},{"key":"ref3","article-title":"Peercoin&#x2013;secure & sustainable cryptocoin","author":"king","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref6","article-title":"Hedera Hashgraph","year":"0"},{"key":"ref5","article-title":"Hyperlegder Project","author":"foundation","year":"0"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"ISO\/TR 23455:2019 Blockchain and distributed ledger technologies &#x2014; Overview of and interactions between smart contracts in blockchain and distributed ledger technology systems","year":"0"},{"key":"ref7","article-title":"ISO\/TC 307 Blockchain and distributed ledger technologies","author":"dawson","year":"0"},{"key":"ref49","article-title":"Bridges &#x2022; Polkadot Wiki","year":"0"},{"key":"ref9","article-title":"IEEE blockchain standards","year":"0"},{"key":"ref46","article-title":"GitHub - hyperledger\/cactus: Hyperledger Cactus is a new approach to the blockchain interoperability problem","year":"0"},{"key":"ref45","article-title":"A protocol for interledger payments","author":"thomas","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref48","article-title":"Validator &#x2022; Polkadot Wiki","year":"0"},{"key":"ref47","article-title":"Polkadot: Vision for a heterogeneous multi-chain framework","author":"wood","year":"2016","journal-title":"White Paper"},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"2019","article-title":"The ZILLIQA technical whitepaper","volume":"16","author":"team","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref41","article-title":"GitHub - input-output-hk\/plutus: The Plutus language implementation and tools","year":"0"},{"key":"ref44","article-title":"Rootstock (RSK): Smart contracts on Bitcoin. Medium","author":"mining","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref43","article-title":"Welcome to Stratis Academy &#x2014; Stratis Academy documentation","year":"0"}],"event":{"name":"2022 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","location":"Shanghai, China","start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]]},"end":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]]}},"container-title":["2022 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/9805458\/9805482\/09805533.pdf?arnumber=9805533","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]],"date-time":"2022-07-25T16:14:09Z","timestamp":1658765649000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9805533\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]]},"references-count":71,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/icbc54727.2022.9805533","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]]}}}