{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T15:25:38Z","timestamp":1774365938769,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"IEEE","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/icgs3.2019.8688299","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,12]],"date-time":"2019-04-12T02:09:15Z","timestamp":1555034955000},"page":"1-12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Ransomware Impact to SCADA Systems and its Scope to Critical Infrastructure"],"prefix":"10.1109","author":[{"given":"Jaime","family":"Ibarra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering & Environment, Northumbria University, London, UK"}]},{"given":"Usman","family":"Javed Butt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electonic and Computer Engineering, Brunel University, London, UK"}]},{"given":"Anh","family":"Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering & Environment, Northumbria University, London, UK"}]},{"given":"Hamid","family":"Jahankhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering & Environment, Northumbria University, London, UK"}]},{"given":"Arshad","family":"Jamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering & Environment, Northumbria University, London, UK"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2018.08.008"},{"key":"ref72","year":"2018","journal-title":"Weekly Threat Report 19th October 2018 - NCSC Site"},{"key":"ref71","year":"2018","journal-title":"ISTR threat report volume 23"},{"key":"ref70","article-title":"Stopping ransomware attacks on user data","author":"scaife","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cryptol"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmcj.2011.03.003"},{"key":"ref74","article-title":"WannaCry Cost NHS £92 Million","author":"muncaster","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infosecurity-magazine"},{"key":"ref39","article-title":"S. Korean manufacturing industry targeted with new backdoor program","author":"constantin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Computer World"},{"key":"ref75","author":"hern","year":"2018","journal-title":"WannaCry Petya NotPetya how ransomware hit the big time in 2017"},{"key":"ref38","article-title":"The Reign of Ransomware","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trend Labs Trend Micro Inc"},{"key":"ref33","year":"2017","journal-title":"RANSOMWARE GOALS OF MALICIOUS ACTORS AND"},{"key":"ref32","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infographic What you need to know about ransomware"},{"key":"ref31","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ransomware- what is it and what to do about it"},{"key":"ref30","author":"paganini","year":"2017","journal-title":"ClearEnergy ransomware aim to destroy process automation logics in critical infrastructure SCADA and industrial control systems"},{"key":"ref37","article-title":"Future Impacts","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSA GROUP"},{"key":"ref36","article-title":"Internet Security Threat Report","volume":"22","year":"2017","journal-title":"Symantec security threat report"},{"key":"ref35","year":"2016","journal-title":"Industrial Cybersecurity Threat Briefing"},{"key":"ref34","article-title":"SentinelOne: Global Ransomware Study 2","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sentinel One"},{"key":"ref60","author":"obbayi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eye on SCADA"},{"key":"ref62","first-page":"27","article-title":"McAfee Labs Threats Report","author":"raj samani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mcafee report"},{"key":"ref61","article-title":"Half of american ransomware victims have paid the ransom","author":"bisson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tripwire"},{"key":"ref63","article-title":"McAfee Labs Threats Report - June 2018","year":"2018","journal-title":"HackersEnigma"},{"key":"ref28","author":"peterson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ransomware in ICS\/SCADA … It's Happening and Predictions"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-4858(08)70010-2"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"33","article-title":"The State of Industrial Cybersecuity 2018","author":"schwab","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trend Study Kaspersky Reports"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-49301-4_16"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-26362-5_18"},{"key":"ref29","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Ransomware revolution"},{"key":"ref67","first-page":"195","article-title":"Awareness Education as the key to ransomware prevention","volume":"4","author":"luo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Information Security"},{"key":"ref68","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ransomware: a new cyber hijacking threat to enterprises","volume":"1","author":"luo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Handbook of Research on Information Security and Assurance"},{"key":"ref69","first-page":"64","article-title":"Efficient and anonymous mobileuser authentification protocol using self -certified public key cryptography for, ulto-server architectures","volume":"9","author":"zeadally","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1361-3723(18)30065-4"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCAE.2010.5451799"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IECON.2011.6120048"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-4858(16)30086-1"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"1","article-title":"Understanding Ransomware and Strategies to Defeat it","author":"leong","year":"2016","journal-title":"White Paper (McAfee Labs)"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCISC.2015.7387902"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2018.01.001"},{"key":"ref26","article-title":"The SCADA Threat Landscape","author":"robinson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Celtics Spings Newport Celtics Spings"},{"key":"ref25","author":"kevin finnan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cyber Security for Pipelines Other SCADA Systems"},{"key":"ref50","article-title":"PETYA” RANSOMWARE CYBER-THREAT","year":"2017","journal-title":"EMERSON"},{"key":"ref51","article-title":"Multi-stage crypto ransomware attacks: A new emerging cyber threat to critical infrastructure and industrial control systems","author":"aaron zimba","year":"2017","journal-title":"\/U \/Download%20Files\/1-s2 0-S2405959517303302-main pdf"},{"key":"ref59","article-title":"Ransomware a real risk for SCADA networks","author":"cohen-sason","year":"2017","journal-title":"CyberBIT"},{"key":"ref58","article-title":"Report: Manufacturing industry most susceptible to ICS cyberthreats","author":"forrest","year":"2017","journal-title":"TechRepublic"},{"key":"ref57","author":"williams","year":"1992","journal-title":"The Purdue Enterprise Reference Architecture a Technical Guide for CIM Planning and Implementation"},{"key":"ref56","article-title":"Grandcrab Ransomware Attack","year":"2018","journal-title":"Securonix Threat Research Team"},{"key":"ref55","first-page":"465","article-title":"Experimental Analysis of Ransomware on Windows and Android Platforms: Evolution and Characterization","volume":"2016","author":"lindskog","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia Computer Science"},{"key":"ref54","year":"2018","journal-title":"Spotlight on ransomware Ransomware encryption methods"},{"key":"ref53","article-title":"Ransomware threat success factors, taxonomy, and countermeasures: A survey and research directions","author":"bander ali saleh al-rimy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science Direct"},{"key":"ref52","first-page":"8","article-title":"Out of Control: Ransomware for Industrial Control Systems","author":"david formby","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fortiphyd Logic"},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"A brief study of wannacry threat: Ransomware attack 2017","volume":"8","author":"mohurle","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17485\/ijst\/2016\/v9i14\/82936"},{"key":"ref40","article-title":"Kansas Hospital Hit by Ransomware, Extorted Twice","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends in Microbiology"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2018.01.001"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCISC.2016.7736455"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2010.07.001"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"160","article-title":"SCADA systems: vulnerabilities and remediation","volume":"20","author":"fernandez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"27","article-title":"Assessment of the vulnerabilities of SCADA, control systems and critical infrastructure systems","volume":"2","author":"robles","year":"2009","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"618","article-title":"Improving cybersecurity for industrial control systems. In Industrial Electronics (ISIE)","author":"graham","year":"2016","journal-title":"2016 25th IEEE International Symposium"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2006.03.001"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/268478"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PSCE.2009.4840120"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icte.2017.12.007"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"739883","article-title":"Stuxnet malware and natanz: Update of isis december 22, 2010 report","volume":"15","author":"albright","year":"2011","journal-title":"Institute for Science and International Security"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AINS.2017.8270432"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"1092","article-title":"Understanding the mirai botnet","author":"antonakakis","year":"2017","journal-title":"USENIX Security Symposium"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcip.2014.09.001"},{"key":"ref49","article-title":"Ransomware's newest target: The electric grid","author":"budd","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends in Microbiology"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2017.201"},{"key":"ref46","article-title":"The Rise of SAM SAM Crypto- Ransomware","year":"2016","journal-title":"A Lesson on Patching"},{"key":"ref45","article-title":"RANSOM_SURPRISE","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trend Micro Threat Encvclopedia"},{"key":"ref48","article-title":"Cadbury's factory cyberattack","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Guardian"},{"key":"ref47","article-title":"ZCRYPT Crypto-ransomware Attacks Windows 7 and Later, Scraps Backward Compatibility","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends in Microbiology"},{"key":"ref42","article-title":"Hollywood Hospital pays $17,000 in bitcoin to hackers; FBI investigating","author":"winton","year":"2016","journal-title":"L A Times"},{"key":"ref41","article-title":"MedStar Health turns away patients after likely ransomware cyberattack","author":"cox","year":"2016","journal-title":"Washington Post"},{"key":"ref44","article-title":"New Crypto-Ransomware JIGSAW Plays Nasty Games","author":"sumalapao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trendlabs security intelligence blog"},{"key":"ref43","article-title":"Ransomware crroks demand $70,000 after hacking San-Francisco's transport system","author":"fox-brewster","year":"2016","journal-title":"Forbes"}],"event":{"name":"2019 IEEE 12th International Conference on Global Security, Safety and Sustainability (ICGS3)","location":"London, UK","start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,16]]},"end":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,18]]}},"container-title":["2019 IEEE 12th International Conference on Global Security, Safety and Sustainability (ICGS3)"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/8672787\/8688013\/08688299.pdf?arnumber=8688299","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]],"date-time":"2025-08-23T00:37:47Z","timestamp":1755909467000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8688299\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"references-count":76,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/icgs3.2019.8688299","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]}}}