{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T05:42:04Z","timestamp":1760420524648,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"IEEE","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758499200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758499200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020487","name":"Nature","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020487","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/icnp65844.2025.11192338","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T17:38:54Z","timestamp":1760377134000},"page":"1-24","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["PrivMLLM: Efficient Three-Party Multimodal Large Language Model Secure Inference Supported Prompt Privacy"],"prefix":"10.1109","author":[{"given":"Yujie","family":"Xue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Defense Technology,College of Computer Science and Technology,Changsha,China,410073"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Defense Technology,College of Computer Science and Technology,Changsha,China,410073"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuchuan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Defense Technology,College of Computer Science and Technology,Changsha,China,410073"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Defense Technology,College of Science,Changsha,China,410073"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaojing","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Defense Technology,College of Computer Science and Technology,Changsha,China,410073"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"article-title":"The dawn of lmms: Preliminary explorations with gpt-4v(ision)","year":"2023","author":"Yang","key":"ref1"},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"A generalist agent","volume-title":"Transactions on Machine Learning Research","author":"Reed","year":"2022"},{"volume-title":"Samsung bans ai chatbots after leak","year":"2023","author":"He-rim","key":"ref3"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"The llama 3 herd of models","volume-title":"Meta","author":"Dubey","year":"2024"},{"volume-title":"Generating diverse high- fidelity images with VQ-VAE-2","year":"2019","author":"Razavi","key":"ref5"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3372297.3417274"},{"article-title":"A survey on private transformer inference","year":"2024","author":"Li","key":"ref7"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3729219"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.56553\/popets-2024-0107"},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"Puma: Secure inference of llama-7b in five minutes","volume-title":"OpenReview","author":"Dong","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"1","article-title":"Curl: Private llms through wavelet-encoded look-up tables","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Applied Machine Learning in Information Security","author":"Santos"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"13 333","article-title":"SecFormer: Fast and accurate privacy-preserving inference for transformer models via SMPC","volume-title":"Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2024","author":"Luo"},{"article-title":"Mpcformer: Fast, performant and private transformer inference with mpc","volume-title":"Proc. of the ICLR \u201923","author":"Li","key":"ref13"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3384268"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EuroSP57164.2023.00031"},{"article-title":"Ditto: quantization-aware secure inference of transformers upon mpc","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 41st International Conference on Machine Learning","author":"Wu","key":"ref16"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2024.120429"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14722\/ndss.2025.230868"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14722\/ndss.2025.242287"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14722\/ndss.2025.230057"},{"article-title":"Powersoftmax: Towards secure LLM inference over encrypted data","year":"2025","author":"Zimerman","key":"ref21"},{"article-title":"Converting transformers to polynomial form for secure inference over homomorphic encryption","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 41st International Conference on Machine Learning","author":"Zimerman","key":"ref22"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.00466"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.00472"},{"article-title":"Privcirnet: Efficient private inference via block circulant transformation","volume-title":"The Thirty-eighth Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"Xu","key":"ref25"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCAD57390.2023.10323702"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPASS55109.2022.00025"},{"article-title":"Secure transformer inference protocol","year":"2024","author":"Yuan","key":"ref28"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3243734.3243760"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP54263.2024.00130"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.56553\/popets-2022-0109"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.56553\/popets-2022-0113"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP54263.2024.00063"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SFCS.1986.25"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"15 718","article-title":"Iron: private inference on transformers","volume-title":"Proc. of the 36th Int. Conf. on NIPS \u201922","author":"Hao"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP40000.2020.00092"},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"Paper 2023\/073","article-title":"FssNN: Communication-efficient secure neural network training via function secret sharing","volume-title":"Cryptology ePrint Archive","author":"Yang","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-77886-6_30"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/popets-2022-0015"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EuroSP60621.2024.00031"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3576915.3623147"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14722\/ndss.2015.23113"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14722\/ndss.2020.23005"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"2165","article-title":"Aby2.0: Improved mixed-protocol secure two-party computation","volume-title":"30th USENIX OSDI","author":"Patra"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-36030-6_14"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-11599-3_4"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3548606.3560691"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3658644.3690359"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-57048-8"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-57048-8_6"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SFCS.2001.959888"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411501.3419418"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1165555.1165570"},{"year":"2023","key":"ref54","article-title":"CUTLASS: CUDA Templates for Linear Algebra Subroutines"},{"article-title":"Crypten: secure multi-party computation meets machine learning","volume-title":"Proc. of the 35th Int. Conf. on NeurIPS","author":"Knott","key":"ref55"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3372297.3417872"},{"key":"ref57","first-page":"17","article-title":"SecretFlow-SPU: A performant and User-Friendly framework for Privacy-Preserving machine learning","volume-title":"2023 USENIX Annual Technical Conference","author":"Ma"},{"year":"2024","key":"ref58","article-title":"Ezpc: Easy secure multi-party computation"},{"year":"2024","key":"ref59","article-title":"NssMPClib: A Secure Multi-Party Computation Library"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/5.726791"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.670"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00686"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00331"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00851"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP46215.2023.10179406"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-97121-2_11"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-64840-4_12"},{"article-title":"Large language models: a comprehensive survey of its applications, challenges, limitations, and future prospects","year":"2024","author":"Hadi","key":"ref68"}],"event":{"name":"2025 IEEE 33rd International Conference on Network Protocols (ICNP)","start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]]},"location":"Seoul, Korea, Republic of","end":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]}},"container-title":["2025 IEEE 33rd International Conference on Network Protocols (ICNP)"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/11192357\/11192322\/11192338.pdf?arnumber=11192338","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T05:11:32Z","timestamp":1760418692000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11192338\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]]},"references-count":68,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/icnp65844.2025.11192338","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]]}}}