{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T22:51:17Z","timestamp":1768517477979,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"IEEE","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]],"date-time":"2025-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765670400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]],"date-time":"2025-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765670400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"NSFC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62302204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62302204"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008536","name":"AWS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008536","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/icpads67057.2025.11323110","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T20:36:54Z","timestamp":1768423014000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dissecting Ethereum Staking at Scale: A Comprehensive Measurement and Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1109","author":[{"given":"Quanbi","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern University of Science and Technology,Shenzhen,China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yinan","family":"Mi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern University of Science and Technology,Shenzhen,China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanzheng","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, University of British Columbia,Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianbin","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amazon Connect Technology Services,Beijing,China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianyu","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern University of Science and Technology,Shenzhen,China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3539604"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3453953.3453966"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-54414-0_3"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3155112.3168362"},{"key":"ref5","volume-title":"The incentive layer","author":"Edgington","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2022.3216749"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3300051"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tdsc.2025.3630656"},{"key":"ref9","volume-title":"Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system","author":"Nakamoto","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2015.13"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"919","article-title":"Bitcoin mining pools: A cooperative game theoretic analysis","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, AAMAS\u201915","author":"Lewenberg","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref12","volume-title":"Bitcoin miners ditch ghash.io pool over fears of 51% attack","author":"Hajdarbegovic","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref13","article-title":"Ethereum white paper","author":"Buterin","year":"2013","journal-title":"GitHub repository"},{"key":"ref14","article-title":"Casper the friendly finality gadget","author":"Buterin","year":"2017","journal-title":"arXiv preprint"},{"key":"ref16","volume-title":"Proof-of-Stake vs Proof-of-Work","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCS.2019.00131"},{"key":"ref18","volume-title":"Increase the MAX_EFFECTIVE_BALANCE - a Modest Proposal","author":"Neuder","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"Analysis of nakamoto consensus, revisited","author":"Niu","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv preprint"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2025.3596698"},{"key":"ref21","article-title":"Demystifying private transactions and their impact in pow and pos ethereum","author":"Lyu","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv preprint"},{"key":"ref22","volume-title":"Ethereum beacon deposit contract"},{"key":"ref23","volume-title":"Prague-Electra (Pectra) Network Upgrade","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref24","volume-title":"Ether Daily Price (USD) Chart - Etherscan"},{"key":"ref25","volume-title":"Lido liquid staking protocol","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref26","volume-title":"Rocket Pool decentralized staking protocol","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref27","volume-title":"Ethereum Staking on Binance - Earn Crypto Rewards with ETH","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref28","volume-title":"Proposer-Builder Separation","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref29","volume-title":"Lighthouse book","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref31","volume-title":"Staking withdrawals","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref32","volume-title":"Ethereum beacon apis"},{"key":"ref33","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Quantifying decentralization: We must be able to measure blockchain decentralization before we can improve it"},{"key":"ref34","volume-title":"Entropy (information theory)","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref35","volume-title":"Gini coefficient","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref36","volume-title":"Herfindahl-hirschman index","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref37","volume-title":"Proposer boost considerations - hackmd"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-18283-9_28","article-title":"Three attacks on proof-ofstake ethereum","volume-title":"International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security","author":"Schwarz-Schilling","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3560829.3563560"},{"key":"ref40","volume-title":"Justification withholding attacks","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref41","author":"Neuder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Low-cost attacks on ethereum 2.0 by sub-1\/3 stakeholders"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICBC56567.2023.10174942"},{"key":"ref43","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Analyzing reward dynamics and decentralization in ethereum 2.0: An advanced data engineering workflow and comprehensive datasets for proof-of-stake incentives"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.51483\/IJCCR.4.2.2024.164-175"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-58387-6_24"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM42981.2021.9488812"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-69231-4_17"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICBC59979.2024.10634400"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3618257.3624824"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP61157.2025.00157"},{"key":"ref51","volume-title":"Estimating validator decentralization using p2p data - networking ethereum research","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BCCA58897.2023.10338892"}],"event":{"name":"2025 IEEE 31th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS)","location":"Hefei, China","start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]]},"end":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]}},"container-title":["2025 IEEE 31th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS)"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/11322805\/11322871\/11323110.pdf?arnumber=11323110","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T07:09:28Z","timestamp":1768460968000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11323110\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]]},"references-count":50,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/icpads67057.2025.11323110","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]]}}}