{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T07:31:52Z","timestamp":1771659112397,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"IEEE","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]],"date-time":"2021-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]],"date-time":"2021-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637539200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]],"date-time":"2021-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637539200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/ict4da53266.2021.9672229","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,17]],"date-time":"2022-01-17T21:29:44Z","timestamp":1642454984000},"page":"101-106","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Impacts of Homophone Normalization on Semantic Models for Amharic"],"prefix":"10.1109","author":[{"given":"Tadesse Destaw","family":"Belay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abinew Ali","family":"Ayele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Getie","family":"Gelaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seid Muhie","family":"Yimam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Biemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2457276.2457284"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SITIS.2009.58"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.coling-main.91"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-26630-1_27"},{"key":"ref37","author":"gormley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Elasticsearch The Definitive Guide A Distributed Real-Time Search and Analytics Engine"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"1638","article-title":"Contextual string embeddings for sequence labeling","author":"akbik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 2 7th international conference on computational linguistics"},{"key":"ref35","article-title":"Bidirectional LSTM-CRF models for sequence tagging","author":"huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"ArXiv"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-58219-7_5"},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT Pretraining Approach","author":"liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"ArXiv"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22161\/ijaers.78.39"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1654576.1654583"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"173","article-title":"Visual recognition of graphic variants of Amharic letters: Psycholinguistic experiments","volume":"8","author":"negesse","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oslo Studies in Language"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"3","article-title":"Over-differentiation in Amharic orthography and attitude towards reform","volume":"3","author":"menuta","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Ethiopian Journal of Social Sciences Language Studies"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"2103","article-title":"Event Extraction from Unstructured Amharic Text","author":"tadesse","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of The 12th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference LREC20"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"737","article-title":"The making of alphabets","author":"berry","year":"2012","journal-title":"Readings in the Sociology of Language"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"Manually annotated spelling error corpus for Amharic","author":"gezmu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Technical report (Internet) Data and Knowledge Engineering Group Fakultät fiir Informatik Otto-von-Gucrickc-Universität Magdeburg"},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"Application of the double metaphone algorithm to Amharic orthography","author":"yacob","year":"0","journal-title":"ArXiv"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"7","article-title":"Learning word vectors for 157 languages","author":"grave","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2018)"},{"key":"ref28","author":"gebre","year":"2010","journal-title":"Part-of-speech Tagging"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"3102","article-title":"Parallel corpora for Bi-Lingual English-Ethiopian languages statistical machine translation","author":"abate","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5120\/21176-4185"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"1","article-title":"The standardisation of Amharic spelling","volume":"5","author":"cowley","year":"1967","journal-title":"Journal of Ethiopian Studies"},{"key":"ref6","article-title":"Efficient estimation of word representations in vector space","author":"mikolov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Learning Representations ICLR13"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Machine Learning Approach to Multi-Scale Sentiment Analysis of Amharic Online Posts","volume":"2","author":"philemon","year":"2014","journal-title":"HiLCoE Journal of Computer Science and Technology"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"420","article-title":"An In-depth Analysis of the Effect of Text Normalization in Social Media","author":"tyler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics Human Language Technologies"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00051"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"3111","article-title":"Distributed representations of words and phrases and their compositionality","author":"mikolov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems-Volume 2 NIPS'13"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"71","article-title":"Language policy, ideologies, power and the Ethiopian media","volume":"41","author":"salawu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Communication"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"54","article-title":"FLAIR: An easy-to-use framework for state-of-the-art NLP","author":"akbik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Demonstrations)"},{"key":"ref1","first-page":"65","article-title":"Contemporary Amharic corpus: Automatically morpho-syntactically tagged Amharic corpus","author":"gezmu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceedings of the First Workshop on Linguistic Resources for Natural Language Processing"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"4171","article-title":"BERT: Pretraining of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding","author":"devlin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics Human Language Technologies"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1564508.1564527"},{"key":"ref21","author":"getachew","year":"2001","journal-title":"Automatic part-of-speech tagging for Amharic language an experiment using stochastic Hidden Markov Approach"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"428","article-title":"Amharic part-of-speech tagger for factored language modeling","author":"tachbelie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference RANLP-2009"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"1","article-title":"Manual annotation of Amharic news items with part-of-speech tags and its challenges","volume":"2","author":"demeke","year":"2006","journal-title":"proceedings of Ethiopian Languages Research Center Working Papers"},{"key":"ref26","article-title":"Machine Learning Approaches for Amharic Parts-of-speech Tagging","author":"gashaw","year":"2020","journal-title":"ArXiv"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"50","article-title":"Part-of-speech tagging for underresourced and morphologically rich languages-the case of Amharic","author":"tachbelie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of conference on Human Language Technology for Development HLTD (2011)"}],"event":{"name":"2021 International Conference on Information and Communication Technology for Development for Africa (ICT4DA)","location":"Bahir Dar, Ethiopia","start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]]},"end":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]]}},"container-title":["2021 International Conference on Information and Communication Technology for Development for Africa (ICT4DA)"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/9671264\/9671265\/09672229.pdf?arnumber=9672229","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T16:57:15Z","timestamp":1652201835000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9672229\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]]},"references-count":37,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ict4da53266.2021.9672229","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]]}}}