{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T22:42:08Z","timestamp":1759963328665,"version":"3.28.0"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"IEEE","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/ictd.2009.5426693","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,9]],"date-time":"2010-03-09T20:56:14Z","timestamp":1268168174000},"page":"357-366","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["ICTD state of the union: Where have we reached and where are we headed"],"prefix":"10.1109","author":[{"given":"Rabin","family":"Patra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Joyojeet","family":"Pal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sergiu","family":"Nedevschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","first-page":"850","article-title":"Information and communication technologies and health in low income countries: the potential and the constraints","volume":"79","author":"chandrasekhar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03520300057037"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/itid.2007.3.2.3"},{"key":"ref32","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evaluating the Developmental Impact of e-Governance Initiatives: An Exploratory Framework","volume":"20","author":"madon","year":"2004","journal-title":"EJISDC"},{"key":"ref31","article-title":"Grassroots ICT Projects in India: Some Preliminary Hypotheses","volume":"31","author":"keniston","year":"2002","journal-title":"ASCI Journal of Management"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01972240290075039"},{"article-title":"IT for the Masses: Hope or Hype","year":"2003","author":"keniston","key":"ref37"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTD.2006.301855"},{"key":"ref35","article-title":"Bhoomi, Gyan Ganga, e-governance and the right to information: ICTs and development in India","author":"thomas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Telematics and Informatics"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2008.192"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"321","article-title":"Can Telecom and IT be for the Disadvantaged?","volume":"17","author":"jhunjhunwala","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Rural Development"},{"key":"ref27","article-title":"Bangalore: The Silicon Valley of Asia?","author":"saxenian","year":"2000","journal-title":"Conference on Indian Economic Prospects Advancing Policy Reform"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/016555150102700604"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5362.390","article-title":"Bridging the Racial Divide on the Internet","volume":"280","author":"hoffman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/00242530010344192"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/2419.001.0001","article-title":"The Digital Divide: Facing a Crisis Or Creating a Myth?","author":"compaine","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.1288185"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5210\/fm.v7i7.967"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTD.2006.301849"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-7333(00)00148-7"},{"key":"ref100","article-title":"Computers and the Promise of Development: Aspiration, Neoliberalism and &#x2018;Technolity&#x2019; in India's ICTD enterprise","author":"pal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Confronting the Challenge of Technology for Development Experiences from the BRICS"},{"article-title":"India's software industry","year":"1996","author":"heeks","key":"ref25"},{"key":"ref50","article-title":"Designing a Farmer-centric Organic Certification System","author":"patel","year":"2008","journal-title":"ACM SIGCHI 2008 Workshop on HCI for Community and International Development"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTD.2006.301833"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTD.2007.4937392"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTD.2007.4937401"},{"key":"ref57","article-title":"Cost Realism in Deploying Technology for Development","author":"ratan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Confronting the Challenge of Technology for Development Experiences from the BRICS"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTD.2006.301843"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/957205.957209"},{"key":"ref54","article-title":"Digital Green: A Participatory Digital Framework to Deliver Targeted Agricultural Information to Small and Marginal Farmers","author":"gandhi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Second International Conference on Information Technologies and Development Dec 2007 IEEE Conference Proceedings"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTD.2006.301870"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTD.2006.301845"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"0","volume":"5","author":"sahay","year":"2001","journal-title":"EJISDC"},{"article-title":"Rise of the Network Society","year":"1996","author":"castells","key":"ref4"},{"key":"ref3","article-title":"Transnational Networks and Skilled Labour Migration","author":"vertovec","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Compass"},{"journal-title":"Social Implications of Computers in Developing Countries","year":"1992","author":"bhatnagar","key":"ref6"},{"journal-title":"Being Digital","year":"1995","author":"negroponte","key":"ref5"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"Information technology, development and policy","author":"roche","year":"1996","journal-title":"Information Technology Development and Policy"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/1544752043971161"},{"key":"ref7","article-title":"Development and the Information Age: Four Global Scenarios for the Future of Information and Communication Technology","author":"howkins","year":"1997","journal-title":"IDRC (International Development Research Centre)"},{"article-title":"Technology and Developing Countries: Practical Applications, Theoretical Issues","year":"1995","author":"heeks","key":"ref9"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTD.2006.301834"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1357054.1357173"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/itdj.20004"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2003.11.002"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2008.184"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"11","article-title":"path-a Telemedicine Platform to Support Health Providers in Low Resource Settings","volume":"114","author":"brauchli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Stud Health Technol Inform"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"1","article-title":"Contraceptive Security, Information Flow and Local Adaptations: Family Planning in the Philippines and Morocco","volume":"5","author":"chandani","year":"2001","journal-title":"EJISDC"},{"key":"ref43","article-title":"Improving Healthcare Delivery in Developing Regions: Coupling Output-based Aid and Mobile Technologies","author":"ibrahim","year":"2007","journal-title":"University of California Big Ideas 2007 Conference"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2004.1260729"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/972374.972381"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTD.2006.301863"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/11600930_19","article-title":"Economic Analysis of Networking Technologies for Rural Developing Regions","author":"mishra","year":"2005","journal-title":"1st Workshop on Internet and Network Economics"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/863956.863960"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1596\/1813-9450-2048"},{"key":"ref74","first-page":"2","article-title":"Design of a Web-based wireless mobile teleconsultation system witha remote control camera","author":"zahedi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society 2000 Proceedings of the 22nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE"},{"key":"ref75","article-title":"An Architecture for Tetherless Communication","author":"seth","year":"2005","journal-title":"DTN Workshop"},{"key":"ref78","first-page":"1","article-title":"E-governance in Developing Countries","author":"backus","year":"2001","journal-title":"IICD Research Brief"},{"key":"ref79","first-page":"111","article-title":"Introducing E-Government in Bangladesh: Problems and Prospects","volume":"78","author":"hasan","year":"2003","journal-title":"International Review of Social Science"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.122.3.1235"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1145\/1240624.1240791","article-title":"Localized iterative design for language learning in underdeveloped regions: the PACE framework","author":"kam","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/1240624.1240864","article-title":"Multiple mice for retention tasks in disadvantaged schools","author":"pawar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems"},{"key":"ref63","article-title":"The Digital StudyHall","author":"wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Tech Rep TR-723&#x2013;05"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/WRSTSD.2006.009319"},{"key":"ref65","article-title":"Building ICT4D capacity in and by African universities","volume":"1","author":"colle","year":"2005","journal-title":"International Journal of Education and Development using ICT"},{"article-title":"Mobile Telephone Technology as a Distance Learning Tool","year":"2005","author":"islam","key":"ref66"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01587910701439266"},{"key":"ref68","article-title":"A Mouse on Each Desk: An Inexpensive Classroom Interaction Technique for Remote Teaching","author":"moraveji","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microsoft Research Working Papers"},{"article-title":"Silicon Valley's New Immigrant Entrepreneurs","year":"1999","author":"saxenian","key":"ref2"},{"key":"ref69","article-title":"What Works: n-Logue's Rural Connectivity Model","author":"howard","year":"2001","journal-title":"A Digital Dividend Study by the World Resources Institute"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0308-5961(89)90057-8"},{"key":"ref95","article-title":"Smartphones for Output-Based Aid","author":"ho","year":"2008","journal-title":"ACM SIGCHI 2008 Workshop on HCI for Community and International Development"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1357054.1357174"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTD.2007.4937399"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1125451.1125746"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTD.2006.301841"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican1002-100"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2346.2005.00467.x"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.development.1100064"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1139073.1139085"},{"article-title":"New Sources of Development Finance","year":"2005","author":"atkinson","key":"ref97"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/019722497129115"},{"article-title":"Exploiting information technology for development: a case study of India","year":"1994","author":"hanna","key":"ref11"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0016549299061006001"},{"key":"ref13","article-title":"Knowledge societies","author":"wehn","year":"1998","journal-title":"Published for and on behalf of the United Nations"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"1","article-title":"Telecenters - Experiences, Lessons and Trends","author":"oestmann","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2005.204"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"Rethinking Wireless for the Developing World","author":"subramanian","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc of the 5th Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks (HotNets)"},{"key":"ref82","first-page":"556","article-title":"The Complex Nature of e-Government Projects: A Case Study of Bhoomi, an Initiative in Karnataka, India","author":"de","year":"2004","journal-title":"Electronic Government Third International Conference"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1145\/1161089.1161127","article-title":"Low-cost communication for rural internet kiosks using mechanical backhaul","author":"seth","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking"},{"key":"ref81","article-title":"The changing role of the citizen in the e-governance and e-democracy e-democracy equation","author":"riley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Commonwealth Centre for E-Governance"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2007.284545"},{"key":"ref84","article-title":"Value-proposition of e-governance services: Bridging rural-urban digital divide in developing countries","volume":"2","author":"narayan","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal of Education and Development using ICT"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"Unleashing Telecom and Internet in India","author":"jhunjhunwala","year":"2000","journal-title":"India Telecom Conference at the Asia\/Pacific Research Center"},{"key":"ref83","article-title":"Electronic Governance: Re-inventing Good Governance","author":"okot-uma","year":"2000","journal-title":"Commonwealth Secretariat"},{"key":"ref80","first-page":"131","article-title":"E-governance services through Telecentres-Role of Human Intermediary and issues of Trust","author":"kiran","year":"2006","journal-title":"Information and Communication Technologies and Development 2006 ICTD '06"},{"key":"ref89","article-title":"The Simputer: Radical Simplicity for Universal Access","author":"chandru","year":"2001","journal-title":"Development by Design ThinkCycle Open Collaborative Conference Bangalore 2002"},{"key":"ref85","article-title":"&#x2018;E-Titling&#x2019; or an","author":"benjamin","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Conference on Enhancing Land Registration and Cadastre for Economic Growth in India"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/itid.2007.4.1.101"},{"key":"ref87","article-title":"e-Voting in Brazil: Exacerbating Alienation and the Digital Divide","author":"rodrigues-filho","year":"0","journal-title":"Proceedings of the European Conference on E-Government"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTD.2006.301862"}],"event":{"name":"2009 International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development (ICTD)","start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,17]]},"location":"Doha, Qatar","end":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,19]]}},"container-title":["2009 International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development (ICTD)"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx5\/5419376\/5426671\/05426693.pdf?arnumber=5426693","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,26]],"date-time":"2019-05-26T20:31:12Z","timestamp":1558902672000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/5426693\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]},"references-count":101,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ictd.2009.5426693","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]}}}