{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T13:48:53Z","timestamp":1775915333128,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"IEEE","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752105600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752105600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/iisa66859.2025.11311184","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T18:36:03Z","timestamp":1767119763000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Socratic Turn in AI: Reviewing the Transformation of LLMs into Dialogical Educators"],"prefix":"10.1109","author":[{"given":"Diamanto","family":"Tzanoulinou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University,Patras,Greece"}]},{"given":"Loukas","family":"Triantafyllopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University,Patras,Greece"}]},{"given":"Evgenia","family":"Paxinou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University,Patras,Greece"}]},{"given":"Georgios","family":"Feretzakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University,Patras,Greece"}]},{"given":"Dimitris","family":"Kalles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University,Patras,Greece"}]},{"given":"Vassilios","family":"Verykios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University,Patras,Greece"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2012.06.281"},{"key":"ref2","volume-title":"The Thinker\u2019s Guide to Socratic Questioning","author":"Paul","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780197611012.003.0004"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5688\/ajpe787144"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-019-0171-0"},{"key":"ref6","volume-title":"Artificial Intelligence in Education: Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Development","author":"Pedro","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561-024-00316-7","article-title":"The effects of over-reliance on AI dialogue systems on students\u2019 cognitive abilities: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Zhai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Smart Learning Environments"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-020-09548-1"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674726369"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780195312881.003.0011"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/cbo9780511518515"},{"key":"ref12","volume-title":"The Trials of Socrates: Six Classic Texts","author":"Reeve","year":"2002"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref13","first-page":"36","article-title":"Critical thinking: The art of Socratic questioning","volume":"31","author":"Paul","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Develop. Educ."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429494864"},{"key":"ref15","volume-title":"Socrates in the Apology: An Essay on Plato\u2019s Apology of Socrates","author":"Reeve","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref16","volume-title":"Constructivism: Theory, Perspectives, and Practice","author":"Fosnot","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"374","article-title":"Pedagogy of the oppressed","volume-title":"in Toward a Sociology of Education","author":"Freire","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref18","volume-title":"Transformative Dimensions of Adult Learning","author":"Mezirow","year":"1991"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref19","first-page":"42","article-title":"Socratic pedagogy, critical thinking, and inmate education","volume":"57","author":"Boghossian","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Correctional Education"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.35993\/ijitl.v10i2.3297"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/medu.15397"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25134\/ieflj.v10i2.10255"},{"key":"ref23","volume-title":"Should Robots Replace Teachers?: AI and the Future of Education","author":"Selwyn","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/soc15010006"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561-024-00316-7","article-title":"The effects of over-reliance on AI dialogue systems on students\u2019 cognitive abilities: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Zhai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Smart Learning Environments"},{"key":"ref26","article-title":"The calibration gap between model and human confidence in large language models","author":"Steyvers","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv preprint"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3518482"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2025.1506752"},{"key":"ref29","article-title":"SPL: A Socratic Playground for Learning Powered by Large Language Model","volume-title":"arXiv preprint","author":"Zhang","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3657604.3664661"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.emnlp-main.277","article-title":"Automatic generation of Socratic subquestions for teaching math word problems","volume-title":"arXiv preprint","author":"Shridhar","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-61891-8_7"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2024.08.006"},{"key":"ref34","article-title":"A Large Language Model Implementing an AI Assistant in a Higher Education Setting","volume-title":"in Proc. CoPDA@ AVI","author":"Mavroudi","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"101","article-title":"Leveraging LLMs for Adaptive Testing and Learning in Taiwan Adaptive Learning Platform (TALP)","volume-title":"in Proc. LLM@AIED","author":"Kuo","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/e3sconf\/202344005001"},{"key":"ref37","article-title":"EULER: Fine tuning a large language model for Socratic interactions","volume-title":"in Proc. 2nd Int. Workshop on Artificial Intelligence Systems in Education, co-located with the 23rd Int. Conf. of the Italian Association for Artificial Intelligence (AIxIA 2024), CEUR Workshop Proc.","author":"Bonino","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"85693","article-title":"SocraticLM: Exploring Socratic Personalized Teaching with Large Language Models","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","volume":"37","author":"Liu","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref39","article-title":"PlatoLM: Teaching LLMs in Multi-Round Dialogue via a User Simulator","volume-title":"arXiv preprint","author":"Kong","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34190\/icgr.7.1.2002"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/csci62032.2023.00009"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.acl-long.341"},{"key":"ref43","article-title":"Digital Socrates: Evaluating LLMs Through Explanation Critiques","volume-title":"arXiv preprint","author":"Gu","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ithet61869.2024.10837675"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"317","article-title":"Towards Text-based Human Search and Approach using a Robot Dog","volume-title":"Proc. 2024 33rd IEEE Int. Conf. on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN)","author":"Park","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2023.09.101"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34190\/icair.4.1.3153"}],"event":{"name":"2025 16th International Conference on Information, Intelligence, Systems & Applications (IISA)","location":"Mytilene, island of Lesvos, Greece","start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]},"end":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,12]]}},"container-title":["2025 16th International Conference on Information, Intelligence, Systems & Applications (IISA)"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/11311141\/11309824\/11311184.pdf?arnumber=11311184","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T07:32:12Z","timestamp":1767166332000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11311184\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]},"references-count":47,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/iisa66859.2025.11311184","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]}}}