{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T08:17:33Z","timestamp":1773735453413,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"IEEE","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763424000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763424000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/itsc60802.2025.11423209","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T20:10:23Z","timestamp":1773691823000},"page":"2193-2200","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Kalman Filter-Based Disturbance Observer for Steer-by-Wire Systems"],"prefix":"10.1109","author":[{"given":"Nikolai","family":"Beving","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical University of Munich,Professorship of Autonomous Vehicle Systems,Garching,Germany,85748"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"Marxen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Land and Sea Transport, Technical University of Berlin,Chair of Automotive Engineering,Berlin,Germany,13355"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steffen","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Land and Sea Transport, Technical University of Berlin,Chair of Automotive Engineering,Berlin,Germany,13355"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Betz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical University of Munich,Professorship of Autonomous Vehicle Systems,Garching,Germany,85748"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1109\/TTE.2020.3004694","article-title":"Recent Developments in the Vehicle Steer-by-Wire System","volume":"6","author":"Mortazavizadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification"},{"key":"ref2","volume-title":"Regelung redundant aktuierter Steer-by-Wire Systeme","author":"Ewald","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10514-005-0608-2"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-38486-9","volume-title":"Handbuch Assistiertes und Automatisiertes Fahren: Grundlagen, Komponenten und Systeme f\u00fcr assistiertes und automatisiertes Fahren, ser. ATZ\/MTZ-Fachbuch","author":"Winner","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"354","article-title":"Driver torque and road reaction force estimation of an Electric Power Assisted Steering using sliding mode observer with unknown inputs","volume-title":"13th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems","author":"Marouf"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"843","article-title":"Driver torque estimation in Electric Power Steering system using an Hinfinity\/H2 Proportional Integral observer","volume-title":"2015 54th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC)","author":"Yamamoto"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2508","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2019.2933744","article-title":"Unknown Input Observers for Simultaneous Estimation of Vehicle Dynamics and Driver Torque: Theoretical Design and Hardware Experiments","volume":"24","author":"Nguyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE\/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3628","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.2975366","article-title":"Robust Observer Based Intermittent Forces Estimation for Driver Intervention Identification","volume":"69","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology"},{"issue":"20","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2021.11.285","article-title":"Driver Steering Torque Estimation via Robust Generalized H2 Filtering for Human-Automation Shared Driving","volume":"54","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"IFAC-PapersOnLine"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"071007","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4054262","article-title":"A Mixed L 1\/ H 2 Robust Observer With An Application To Driver Steering Torque Estimation for Autopilot-Human Shared Steering","volume":"144","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3444","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2018.2805381","article-title":"Online Sensing of Human Steering Intervention Torque for Autonomous Driving Actuation Systems","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Sensors Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2013.09.032","article-title":"Nonlinear dynamics of mechanical systems with friction contacts: coupled static and dynamic MultiHarmonic Balance Method and multiple solutions","volume":"333","author":"Zucca","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Sound and Vibration"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1533\/9781845696788.1.94","article-title":"Friction and wear simulation of the wheel-rail interface","author":"Andersson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Wheel-Rail Interface Handbook. Elsevier"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1109\/RBME.2009.2034981","article-title":"Computational Models for Neuromuscular Function","volume":"2","author":"Valero-Cuevas","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3580492"},{"key":"ref16","volume-title":"Modeling Human Behavior Part I - Learning and Belief Approaches","author":"Fuchs","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"82","article-title":"A Predictive Model of Human Movements based on Model Predictive Control for Human-Robot Interaction","volume-title":"2024 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics (AIM)","author":"Gillam"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cnm.2485"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"A Model of Driver Steering Control Incorporating Steering Torque Feedback and State Estimation","volume-title":"Cambridge University Engineering Department","author":"Niu","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-2327.199906"},{"key":"ref21","author":"Ortega Contreras","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kalman-like disturbance observer-based control"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0470045345"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-47612-4"},{"key":"ref24","article-title":"An Introduction to the Kalman Filter","volume-title":"Proc. Siggraph Course","volume":"8","author":"Welch"},{"key":"ref25","volume-title":"Das Kalman-Bucy-Filter und seine Konvergenz bei der Sch\u00e4tzung von L\u00f6sungen Gew\u00f6hnlicher Differentialgleichungen mit Anwendung auf die Zustandssch\u00e4tzung eines Kraftfahrzeuges","author":"Walach","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref26","volume-title":"Understanding and Implementing Kalman Filter in Python for Pairs Trading","author":"Cordeiro","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11044-022-09861-w"},{"key":"ref28","volume-title":"Discretization of Linear Systems","author":"El-kebir","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/s00361445024180"},{"key":"ref30","author":"Kazemi","year":"2009","journal-title":"A Comprehensive model for developing of Steer-By-Wire System"}],"event":{"name":"2025 IEEE 28th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)","location":"Gold Coast, Australia","start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]]},"end":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]}},"container-title":["2025 IEEE 28th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/11422813\/11423000\/11423209.pdf?arnumber=11423209","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T06:06:26Z","timestamp":1773727586000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11423209\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]]},"references-count":30,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/itsc60802.2025.11423209","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]]}}}