{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T01:42:30Z","timestamp":1785807750198,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01EY031033-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY031033-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30EY005722"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30EY005722"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/jbhi.2020.2983549","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]],"date-time":"2020-03-30T21:54:51Z","timestamp":1585605291000},"page":"88-99","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Open-Source Automatic Segmentation of Ocular Structures and Biomarkers of Microbial Keratitis on Slit-Lamp Photography Images Using Deep Learning"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5484-9339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Loo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4528-5711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias F.","family":"Kriegel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan M.","family":"Tuohy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7359-663X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyeong Hwan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Venkatesh","family":"Prajna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria A.","family":"Woodward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4872-2902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sina","family":"Farsiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2017.07.005"},{"key":"ref72","article-title":"Keras","author":"chollet","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref71","first-page":"265","article-title":"TensorFlow: A System for large-scale machine learning","volume":"16","author":"abadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Operating Syst Des Implementation"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2019.2905770"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2016.11.004"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.8.003627"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46723-8_48"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2015.169"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2016.08.008"},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"234","article-title":"U-net: Convolutional networks for biomedical image segmentation","author":"ronneberger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Med Image Comput Comput -Assisted Intervention"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2018.2845918"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2018.2791488"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-67561-9_11"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2019.8857522"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDSP.2018.8631795"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2293270"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7298965"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.90"},{"key":"ref35","article-title":"Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition","author":"simonyan","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc 3rd Int Conf Learn Representations"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"1097","article-title":"Imagenet classification with deep convolutional neural networks","author":"krizhevsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.1912.tb05611.x"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2019.2930068"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.324"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/3DV.2016.79"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09286586.2013.868003"},{"key":"ref64","first-page":"740","article-title":"Microsoft COCO: Common objects in context","author":"lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Eur Conf Comput Vision"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.06.003"},{"key":"ref65","first-page":"249","article-title":"Understanding the difficulty of training deep feedforward neural networks","author":"glorot","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc 13th Int Conf Artif Intell Statist"},{"key":"ref66","first-page":"1139","article-title":"On the importance of initialization and momentum in deep learning","author":"sutskever","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc 7th Int Conf Machine Learning"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000001488"},{"key":"ref67","author":"soille","year":"2013","journal-title":"Morphological Image Analysis Principles and Applications"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1932409"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2006.880587"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30393-5"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70113-X"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"435","article-title":"Corneal epithelial fluorescein staining","volume":"66","author":"wilson","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Am Optom Assoc"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(92)31947-5"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"74","article-title":"Lissamine green dye&#x2013;an alternative to rose bengal in photo slit-lamp biomicrography","volume":"24","author":"bennett","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Ophthalmic Photography"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.opx.0000221404.40296.ba"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-200308000-00012"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000001148"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.08.024"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-07103-0"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.9.003740"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.12.015"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.106"},{"key":"ref58","article-title":"Mask R-CNN for object detection and instance segmentation on Keras and TensorFlow","author":"abdulla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Github Repository"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2089"},{"key":"ref56","first-page":"2108","article-title":"Reliability of physicians&#x2019; measurements when manually annotating images of microbial keratitis","volume":"60","author":"kriegel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmol Visual Sci"},{"key":"ref55","first-page":"1480","article-title":"Deep learning-based automatic segmentation of stromal infiltrates and associated biomarkers on slit-lamp images of microbial keratitis","volume":"60","author":"farsiu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmol Visual Sci"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.9.006038"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.9.002681"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.10.003815"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6700151"},{"key":"ref11","author":"krachmer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"91","article-title":"Faster R-CNN: Towards real-time object detection with region proposal networks","author":"ren","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e31802b2e47"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2011.315"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00189353"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2005.10.063"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2018.2791721"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"Winning the battle against corneal ulcers","author":"kent","year":"0","journal-title":"Rev Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2017.06.014"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(99)90250-6"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2018172322"},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"Slit lamp: Examination and photography","author":"martonyi","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.26841"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2008.01812.x"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12021-018-9377-x"},{"key":"ref89","first-page":"69","article-title":"A guide to appropriate use of correlation coefficient in medical research","volume":"24","author":"mukaka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Malawi Medical Journal"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2011-300539"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"844","article-title":"Global data on visual impairment in the year 2002","volume":"82","author":"resnikoff","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bull World Health Org"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1983.01040020547007"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"214","article-title":"Corneal blindness: A global perspective","volume":"79","author":"whitcher","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bull World Health Org"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.12602"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.85.7.842"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2018.2806086"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"125","article-title":"Contact lens-related microbial keratitis: Part I: Epidemiology","volume":"16","author":"liesegang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.8.002732"},{"key":"ref87","article-title":"Retinal vessel segmentation in fundoscopic images with generative adversarial networks","author":"son","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref88","article-title":"nnU-Net: Self-adapting framework for U-Net-based medical image segmentation","author":"isensee","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)09385-4"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-018-0040-6"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0107-6"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.01.023"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.02.008"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.91"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.322"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2016.12.009"},{"key":"ref43","first-page":"21","article-title":"SSD: Single shot multibox detector","author":"liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Eur Conf Comput Vision"}],"container-title":["IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6221020\/9313839\/09050902.pdf?arnumber=9050902","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T14:52:59Z","timestamp":1652194379000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9050902\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/jbhi.2020.2983549","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-2194","type":"print"},{"value":"2168-2208","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}}}