{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T18:42:34Z","timestamp":1765305754606,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"name":"Canon Medical and the Royal Academy of Engineering and the Research Chairs and Senior Research Fellowships scheme","award":["RCSRF1819\\8\\25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RCSRF1819\\8\\25"]}]},{"name":"U.K.&#x2019;s Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","award":["EP\/X017680\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/X017680\/1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000848","name":"University of Edinburgh","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Royal Academy of Engineering, and Canon Medical Research Europe by Ph.D. studentships to Konstantinos Vilouras and Pedro Sanchez"},{"name":"UKRI AI programme"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"CHAI - Causality in Healthcare AI Hub","award":["EP\/Y028856\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/Y028856\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/jbhi.2024.3494246","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]],"date-time":"2024-11-08T13:42:25Z","timestamp":1731073345000},"page":"9051-9059","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Zero-Shot Medical Phrase Grounding With Off-the-Shelf Diffusion Models"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5910-9748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Vilouras","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2435-3049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8371-0603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alison Q.","family":"O'Neil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canon Medical Research Europe Ltd., Edinburgh, U.K."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8795-9294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sotirios A.","family":"Tsaftaris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"article-title":"On the opportunities and risks of foundation models","year":"2021","author":"Bommasani","key":"ref1"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.01042"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.00210"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"58921","article-title":"Text-to-image diffusion models are zero shot classifiers","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","volume":"36","author":"Clark","year":"2024"},{"article-title":"Label-efficient semantic segmentation with diffusion models","year":"2021","author":"Baranchuk","key":"ref5"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.01816"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00229"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2022.3183827"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP48485.2024.10445945"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24574-4_28"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-20059-5_1"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.01442"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"1336","article-title":"Diffusion models for implicit image segmentation ensembles","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Med. Imag. With Deep Learn.","author":"Wolleb","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-18576-2_4"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-16452-1_67"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tmi.2024.3507008"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"647","article-title":"Diffusion causal models for counterfactual estimation","volume-title":"Proc. Conf. Causal Learn. Reasoning","author":"Sanchez","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.00527"},{"article-title":"Prompt-to-prompt image editing with cross attention control","year":"2022","author":"Hertz","key":"ref19"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.02107"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.00191"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"13","article-title":"ViLBERT: Pretraining task-agnostic visiolinguistic representations for vision-and-language tasks","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","volume":"32","author":"Lu","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/iccv48922.2021.00180"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.01069"},{"article-title":"Language-guided diffusion model for visual grounding","year":"2023","author":"Chen","key":"ref25"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.acl-long.310"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-87196-3_53"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-43990-2_35"},{"article-title":"Learning a multi-task transformer via unified and customized instruction tuning for chest radiograph interpretation","year":"2023","author":"Xu","key":"ref29"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.01935"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v38i19.30095"},{"key":"ref32","first-page":"8780","article-title":"Diffusion models beat GANs on image synthesis","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","volume":"34","author":"Dhariwal","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.00585"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref34","first-page":"713","article-title":"A fast algorithm for multilevel thresholding","volume":"17","author":"Liao","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Inf. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-18576-2_12"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-019-0322-0"},{"article-title":"Generative AI for medical imaging: Extending the MONAI framework","year":"2023","author":"Pinaya","key":"ref37"},{"article-title":"LORA: Low-rank adaptation of large language models","year":"2021","author":"Hu","key":"ref38"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01252-6_47"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/iccv51070.2023.01707"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.02209"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-73254-6_21"}],"container-title":["IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/6221020\/11284538\/10747387.pdf?arnumber=10747387","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T18:34:48Z","timestamp":1765305288000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/10747387\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/jbhi.2024.3494246","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2168-2194"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2168-2208"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}}}