{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T16:25:15Z","timestamp":1784219115417,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":351,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569888000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569888000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Basic Research Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFB1004700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFB1004700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61872195"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61872195"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61872310"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61872310"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61832005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61832005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61572262"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61572262"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61872240"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61872240"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Internet Things J."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/jiot.2019.2922538","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,12]],"date-time":"2019-06-12T20:15:15Z","timestamp":1560370515000},"page":"8114-8154","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":250,"title":["A Comprehensive Survey of Blockchain: From Theory to IoT Applications and Beyond"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Mingli","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9099-2781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0275-8750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoqin","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9831-2202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Song","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0034-2302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minyi","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8347-0539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunming","family":"Rong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref275","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2720855"},{"key":"ref274","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCS.2018.00114"},{"key":"ref277","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CIT.2016.71"},{"key":"ref276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2722378"},{"key":"ref271","first-page":"173","article-title":"Towards an Optimized BlockChain for IoT","author":"ali dorri","year":"2017","journal-title":"2017 IEEE\/ACM Second International Conference on Internet-of-Things Design and Implementation (IoTDI)"},{"key":"ref270","article-title":"Blockchain in Internet of Things: Challenges and solutions","volume":"abs 1608 5187","author":"dorri","year":"2016","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"key":"ref273","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/sym9080164"},{"key":"ref170","year":"2018","journal-title":"NEM Technical Reference"},{"key":"ref272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PERCOMW.2017.7917634"},{"key":"ref172","year":"2018","journal-title":"PoET 1 0 Specification"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2433396.2433415"},{"key":"ref174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2976749.2978399"},{"key":"ref173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SRDS.2017.36"},{"key":"ref176","first-page":"2017","article-title":"TenderMint: Consensus without mining","volume":"18","author":"kwon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Retrieved May"},{"key":"ref175","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tendermint Consensus Overview"},{"key":"ref178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-22846-4_10"},{"key":"ref177","author":"todd","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ripple protocol Consensus Algorithm Review"},{"key":"ref168","first-page":"232","article-title":"TwinsCoin: A cryptocurrency via proof-of-work and proof-of-stake","volume":"2017","author":"chepurnoy","year":"2017","journal-title":"IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive"},{"key":"ref169","article-title":"2-hop blockchain: Combining proof-of-work and proof-of-stake securely","author":"duong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cryptology ePrint Archive"},{"key":"ref39","author":"wuille","year":"2015","journal-title":"Strict DER signatures"},{"key":"ref38","author":"lanz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ethereum Community Considers Hard Fork to Combat Bitmain’s ASIC Miner"},{"key":"ref33","year":"2018","journal-title":"Merkle Tree"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.3390\/fi5020237","article-title":"Structure and anonymity of the Bitcoin transaction graph","volume":"5","author":"ober","year":"2013","journal-title":"Future Internet"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-39884-1_4"},{"key":"ref30","year":"2018","journal-title":"How Anonymous Are Bitcoin Transactions?"},{"key":"ref267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/jsea.2016.910036"},{"key":"ref37","author":"coppola","year":"2016","journal-title":"A Painful Lesson for the Ethereum Community"},{"key":"ref268","first-page":"2449","article-title":"A review on blockchain application for decentralized decision of ownership of IoT devices","volume":"10","author":"ghuli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Advances in Computer Science and Technology"},{"key":"ref36","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fork (Blockchain)"},{"key":"ref269","first-page":"46","article-title":"Semantic blockchain to improve scalability in the Internet of Things","volume":"3","author":"ruta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Journal of Internet of Things (OJIOT)"},{"key":"ref35","article-title":"Analysis of bitcoin pooled mining reward systems","volume":"abs 1112 4980","author":"rosenfeld","year":"2011","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"key":"ref34","volume":"5","author":"schwartz","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Ripple protocol consensus algorithm"},{"key":"ref288","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2017.8254521"},{"key":"ref351","author":"sporny","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Web Ledger Protocol 1 0"},{"key":"ref287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISORC.2018.00019"},{"key":"ref286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICWS.2017.54"},{"key":"ref285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EuroSPW.2017.50"},{"key":"ref284","article-title":"Blockchain based proxy re-encryption scheme for secure IoT data sharing","volume":"abs 1811 2276","author":"manzoor","year":"2018","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-45656-0_3","article-title":"Privacy in Bitcoin transactions: New challenges from blockchain scalability solutions","author":"herrera-joancomart\u00ed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Modeling Decisions for Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"ref283","first-page":"248","article-title":"Blockchain-based PKI for crowdsourced IoT sensor information","author":"pinto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc 10th Int Conf Soft Comput Pattern Recognit (SoCPaR)"},{"key":"ref180","year":"2018","journal-title":"YobiChain"},{"key":"ref350","year":"2019","journal-title":"Standard for the Framework of Blockchain Use in Internet of Things (IoT)"},{"key":"ref282","article-title":"EdgeChain: An edge-IoT framework and prototype based on blockchain and smart contracts","volume":"abs 1806 6185","author":"pan","year":"2018","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"key":"ref281","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2803792"},{"key":"ref280","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVCBT.2018.00007"},{"key":"ref185","first-page":"747","article-title":"Beyond Bitcoin—Part II: Blockchain-based systems without mining","volume":"2016","author":"forte","year":"2016","journal-title":"IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive"},{"key":"ref184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3133956.3134096"},{"key":"ref183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2732196"},{"key":"ref182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2382196.2382292"},{"key":"ref189","author":"chodorow","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scaling MongoDB Sharding Cluster Setup and Administration"},{"key":"ref188","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aeternity blockchain"},{"key":"ref187","author":"rouse","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sharding"},{"key":"ref186","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bips"},{"key":"ref28","author":"pacioli","year":"1994","journal-title":"Summa de Arithmetica geometria proportioni Et proportionalità"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2017.2781227"},{"key":"ref179","author":"mazieres","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Stellar Consensus Protocol A Federated Model for Internet-level Consensus"},{"key":"ref29","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blockchainid"},{"key":"ref348","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blockchain Reference Architecture"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2018.8486344"},{"key":"ref349","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blockchain Data Format Specification"},{"key":"ref22","year":"2018","journal-title":"European Commission"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SPW.2015.27"},{"key":"ref344","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-60240-0_40"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01972243.2017.1414094"},{"key":"ref345","year":"2019","journal-title":"Decentraland"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2016.2535718"},{"key":"ref346","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blockchains & Distributed Ledger Technologies"},{"key":"ref278","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3140649.3140656"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-54455-6_8","article-title":"A survey of attacks on ethereum smart contracts SoK","author":"atzei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Principles Secur Trust"},{"key":"ref347","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Harmonized Stage Codes"},{"key":"ref279","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIN.2015.7073830"},{"key":"ref25","author":"baliga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Understanding blockchain consensus models"},{"key":"ref293","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICITST.2015.7412073"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2014.49"},{"key":"ref292","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2780232"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2018.8422485"},{"key":"ref295","article-title":"Invisible ink: Blockchain for data privacy","author":"lazarovich","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref294","article-title":"Feedback based reputation on top of the bitcoin blockchain","volume":"abs 1502 1504","author":"carboni","year":"2015","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"key":"ref297","first-page":"156","article-title":"Certificate validation through public ledgers and blockchains","author":"baldi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc of IITAS"},{"key":"ref296","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/UIC-ATC-ScalCom-CBDCom-IoP-SmartWorld.2016.0072"},{"key":"ref299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-25645-0_25","article-title":"From pretty good to great: Enhancing PGP using Bitcoin and the blockchain","author":"wilson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Netw Syst Security"},{"key":"ref298","first-page":"181","article-title":"BlockStack: A global naming and storage system secured by blockchains","author":"ali","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc USENIX Annu Techn Conf"},{"key":"ref154","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proof-of-stake"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-32946-3_29","article-title":"Bitter to better—How to make Bitcoin a better currency","author":"barber","year":"2012","journal-title":"Financial Cryptography and Data Security"},{"key":"ref156","year":"2018","journal-title":"NovaCoin"},{"key":"ref155","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mining Tragedy"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2976749.2978404"},{"key":"ref291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2847632"},{"key":"ref152","first-page":"66","article-title":"Ouroboros Praos: An adaptively-secure, semi-synchronous proof-of-stake blockchain","author":"david","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Annu Int Conf Theory Appl Cryptograph Techn"},{"key":"ref290","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2835828"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-63688-7_12"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2940716.2940773"},{"key":"ref147","first-page":"11","article-title":"The economics of Bitcoin mining, or Bitcoin in the presence of adversaries","volume":"2013","author":"kroll","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc WEIS"},{"key":"ref148","first-page":"919","article-title":"Bitcoin mining pools: A cooperative game theoretic analysis","author":"lewenberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc 1st Int Conf Autonomous Agents Multiagent Syst"},{"key":"ref149","first-page":"112","article-title":"The quest for scalable blockchain fabric: Proof-of-work vs. BFT replication","author":"vukoli?","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Int Workshop Open Problems Netw Security"},{"key":"ref289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2812239"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-017-4396-4"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2018.8486401"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-44774-1_7","article-title":"The Bitcoin P2P network","author":"donet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Financial Cryptography and Data Security"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WF-IoT.2018.8355227"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WF-IoT.2018.8355139"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MILCOM.2017.8170858"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1700041"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2906615"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2976749.2978408"},{"key":"ref167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2695533.2695545"},{"key":"ref166","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chian"},{"key":"ref165","first-page":"528","article-title":"Spacemint: A cryptocurrency based on proofs of space","volume":"2015","author":"park","year":"2015","journal-title":"IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive"},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-48000-7_29"},{"key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3007788.3007790"},{"key":"ref162","year":"2018","journal-title":"Max Wright’s Thoughts on the Security Threats of Delegated Proof of Stake and Bitshares"},{"key":"ref161","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dpos consensus algorithm - the missing white paper - s-teemit"},{"key":"ref160","author":"vasin","year":"2014","journal-title":"BlackCoin’s proof-of-stake protocol v2"},{"key":"ref4","author":"larimer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Delegated proof-of-stake white paper"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"919","article-title":"Snow white: Provably secure proofs of stake","volume":"2016","author":"bentov","year":"2016","journal-title":"IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45748-8_24","article-title":"The sybil attack","author":"douceur","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc Int Workshop Peer-to-Peer Syst"},{"key":"ref5","year":"2018","journal-title":"What Is Proof of Burn (ELI5)?"},{"key":"ref8","author":"back","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hashcash - a denial of service counter-measure"},{"key":"ref159","year":"2018","journal-title":"NXT"},{"key":"ref7","article-title":"TrustChain: A sybil-resistant scalable blockchain","author":"otte","year":"0","journal-title":"Future Gener Comput Syst"},{"key":"ref49","author":"community","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stratum mining protocol"},{"key":"ref157","year":"2018","journal-title":"YACoin"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2976749.2978309"},{"key":"ref158","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cosmos"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2016.1600399CM"},{"key":"ref45","author":"poon","year":"2016","journal-title":"The bitcoin lightning network Scalable off-chain instant payments"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2017.7996641"},{"key":"ref47","article-title":"IoTChain: A three-tier blockchain-based IoT security architecture","volume":"abs 1806 2008","author":"bao","year":"2018","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"key":"ref42","year":"2014","journal-title":"Base58Check encoding"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2810103.2813713"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/iThings-GreenCom-CPSCom-SmartData.2016.102"},{"key":"ref43","article-title":"Smart contracts: Building blocks for digital markets","volume":"18","author":"szabo","year":"1996","journal-title":"EXTROPY The Journal of Transhumanist Thought"},{"key":"ref320","article-title":"Quantum attacks on bitcoin, and how to protect against them","volume":"abs 1710 10377","author":"aggarwal","year":"2017","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"key":"ref321","year":"2017","journal-title":"Quantum Computers Pose Imminent Threat to Bitcoin Security"},{"key":"ref73","first-page":"3","article-title":"Research and challenges on bitcoin anonymity","author":"herrera-joancomart\u00ed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Data Privacy Manag Auton Spontaneous Security Security Assurance 9th Int Workshop DPM 7th Int Workshop SETOP 3rd Int Workshop QASA"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14722\/diss.2018.23003"},{"key":"ref71","article-title":"LSB: A lightweight scalable blockchain for IoT security and privacy","volume":"abs 1712 2969","author":"dorri","year":"2017","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2015.14"},{"key":"ref318","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bitcoin Mining in China"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-44774-1_1","article-title":"How did dread pirate roberts acquire and protect his Bitcoin wealth?","author":"ron","year":"2014","journal-title":"Financial Cryptography and Data Security"},{"key":"ref317","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SRDS.2017.15"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2018.443"},{"key":"ref316","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40854-016-0039-4"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2818623"},{"key":"ref315","author":"matthews","year":"2015","journal-title":"Silk Road Creator Found Guilty of Cybercrimes"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2504730.2504747"},{"key":"ref314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3133956.3138828"},{"key":"ref313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2968219.2971409"},{"key":"ref312","article-title":"Securing vehicle to vehicle communications using blockchain through visible light and acoustic side-channels","volume":"abs 1704 2553","author":"rowan","year":"2017","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-39884-1_2","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of the full Bitcoin transaction graph","author":"ron","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Financial Cryptography and Data Security"},{"key":"ref311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3133956.3134092"},{"key":"ref79","article-title":"Bitcoin transaction graph analysis","volume":"abs 1502 1657","author":"fleder","year":"2015","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"key":"ref319","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-78375-8_2"},{"key":"ref310","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3133956.3134032"},{"key":"ref60","first-page":"1121","article-title":"Analyzing the deployment of bitcoin’s P2P network under an AS-level perspective","author":"feld","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc 5th Int Conf Ambient Syst Netw Technol (ANT) 4th Int Conf Sustain Energy Inf Technol (SEIT)"},{"key":"ref62","year":"2018","journal-title":"What We Build"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elerap.2017.06.003"},{"key":"ref305","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2019.2904049"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCS.2018.00120"},{"key":"ref304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOMW.2016.7562112"},{"key":"ref64","year":"2015","journal-title":"Distributed Ledger Technology Beyond Block Chain"},{"key":"ref307","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WICSA.2016.21"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PDCAT.2017.00066"},{"key":"ref306","first-page":"81","article-title":"Regerator: A registry generator for blockchain","author":"tran","year":"0"},{"key":"ref66","year":"2018","journal-title":"MelonPort"},{"key":"ref301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5195\/LEDGER.2016.27"},{"key":"ref67","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anion"},{"key":"ref300","first-page":"1018","article-title":"IKP: Turning a PKI around with blockchains","volume":"2016","author":"matsumoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive"},{"key":"ref68","year":"2018","journal-title":"ZhongAn Techonology"},{"key":"ref303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clsr.2017.11.008"},{"key":"ref69","year":"2018","journal-title":"Interledger"},{"key":"ref302","article-title":"On the security of the blockchain BIX protocol and certificates","volume":"abs 1607 8401","author":"longo","year":"2016","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"key":"ref309","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2016.09.074"},{"key":"ref308","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2017.05.025"},{"key":"ref197","article-title":"On the longest chain rule and programmed self-destruction of crypto currencies","volume":"abs 1405 534","author":"courtois","year":"2014","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"key":"ref198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-45472-5_28"},{"key":"ref199","first-page":"515","article-title":"Optimal selfish mining strategies in Bitcoin","author":"sapirshtein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Financial Cryptography and Data Security"},{"key":"ref193","first-page":"3","article-title":"A fast and scalable payment network with Bitcoin duplex micropayment channels","author":"decker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc 17th Int Symp Stabilization Safety Security (SSS) Distrib Syst"},{"key":"ref194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2810103.2813655"},{"key":"ref195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3019612.3019657"},{"key":"ref196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.entcs.2016.12.006"},{"key":"ref95","first-page":"824","article-title":"P2P mixing and unlinkable Bitcoin transactions","volume":"2016","author":"ruffing","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3133956.3134093"},{"key":"ref190","article-title":"BigchainDB: A scalable blockchain database","author":"mcconaghy","year":"2016","journal-title":"white paper BigChainDB"},{"key":"ref93","first-page":"486","article-title":"Mixcoin: Anonymity for Bitcoin with accountable mixes","author":"bonneau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Financial Cryptography and Data Security"},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2976749.2978389"},{"key":"ref92","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bitlaundry"},{"key":"ref192","article-title":"Service-oriented sharding with Aspen","volume":"abs 1611 6816","author":"gencer","year":"2016","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"key":"ref342","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2685328.2685334"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2019.1800299"},{"key":"ref343","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2018.8422743"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3133956.3134025"},{"key":"ref340","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2016.1600492CM"},{"key":"ref341","first-page":"27","article-title":"Blockchain thinking: The brain as a DAC (decentralized autonomous organization)","author":"swan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Texas Bitcoin Conf"},{"key":"ref336","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CSCS.2017.102"},{"key":"ref335","first-page":"763","article-title":"qBitcoin: A peer-to-peer quantum cash system","author":"ikeda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Sci Inf Conf"},{"key":"ref334","article-title":"Quantum blockchain using entanglement in time","volume":"abs 1804 5979","author":"rajan","year":"2018","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"key":"ref333","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcan.2017.10.006","article-title":"A blockchain future for Internet of Things security: A position paper","volume":"4","author":"banerjee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Digit Commun Netw"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2013.34"},{"key":"ref339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2757955"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2014.36"},{"key":"ref338","article-title":"Edge computing resource management and pricing for mobile blockchain","volume":"abs 1710 1567","author":"xiong","year":"2017","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1145\/2665943.2665955","article-title":"Sybilresistant mixing for Bitcoin","author":"bissias","year":"2014","journal-title":"CCS Workshop on Privacy in the Electronic Society"},{"key":"ref337","article-title":"Social welfare maximization auction in edge computing resource allocation for mobile blockchain","volume":"abs 1710 10595","author":"jiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3133956.3134010"},{"key":"ref82","first-page":"469","article-title":"An analysis of anonymity in Bitcoin using P2P network traffic","author":"koshy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Financial Cryptography and Data Security"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PASSAT\/SocialCom.2011.79"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/popets-2018-0038"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2660267.2660379"},{"key":"ref330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2018.05.140","article-title":"Blockchain technology for security issues and challenges in IoT","volume":"132","author":"kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Procedia Comput Sci"},{"key":"ref331","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.11.022"},{"key":"ref80","first-page":"457","article-title":"BitIodine: Extracting intelligence from the Bitcoin network","author":"spagnuolo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Financial Cryptography and Data Security"},{"key":"ref332","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2018.06.004"},{"key":"ref323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.180410"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14722\/ndss.2017.23086"},{"key":"ref322","article-title":"Bitcoin and quantum computing","volume":"abs 1711 4235","author":"tessler","year":"2017","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"key":"ref325","year":"2019","journal-title":"Internet of Things (IoT) connected devices installed base worldwide from 2015 to 2025 (in billions)"},{"key":"ref324","first-page":"131","article-title":"The tangle","author":"popov","year":"2016","journal-title":"CIT"},{"key":"ref327","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2018.10.019"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/eCRS.2013.6805780"},{"key":"ref326","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bitcoin Nodes Summary"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2018.2871449"},{"key":"ref329","year":"2019","journal-title":"2016 Dyn Cyberattacks"},{"key":"ref87","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Bitcoin Laundry"},{"key":"ref328","year":"2019","journal-title":"The IOTA Vision"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-53357-4_4"},{"key":"ref200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peva.2016.07.001"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11685654_7"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-71677-8_13"},{"key":"ref209","article-title":"The balance attack against proof-of-work blockchains: The R3 testbed as an example","volume":"abs 1612 9426","author":"natoli","year":"2016","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"key":"ref203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3133956.3134019"},{"key":"ref204","author":"finney","year":"2011","journal-title":"Finney's attack"},{"key":"ref201","article-title":"On subversive miner strategies and block withholding attack in bitcoin digital currency","volume":"abs 1402 1718","author":"courtois","year":"2014","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"key":"ref202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCGRID.2017.111"},{"key":"ref207","author":"miller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Feather-forks enforcing a blacklist with sub-50"},{"key":"ref208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DSN.2017.44"},{"key":"ref205","year":"2011","journal-title":"The vector76 attack"},{"key":"ref206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1361-3723(13)70101-5"},{"key":"ref211","first-page":"89","article-title":"The miner’s dilemma","author":"eyal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prof IEEE Symp Security and Privacy (SP)"},{"key":"ref210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NCA.2016.7778635"},{"key":"ref212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5195\/LEDGER.2017.48"},{"key":"ref213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2229012.2229022"},{"key":"ref214","first-page":"991","article-title":"Bootstrapping the blockchain-directly","volume":"2016","author":"garay","year":"2016","journal-title":"IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive"},{"key":"ref215","author":"buterin","year":"2014","journal-title":"A next-generation smart contract and decentralized application platform"},{"key":"ref216","first-page":"3","article-title":"Creation of smart-contracting collaborations for decentralized autonomous organizations","author":"norta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Bus Informat Res"},{"key":"ref217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMPSAC.2016.2"},{"key":"ref218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5121\/csit.2017.71011"},{"key":"ref219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-42019-6_11"},{"key":"ref220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2018.8485890"},{"key":"ref222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2993600.2993611"},{"key":"ref221","article-title":"Ekiden: A platform for confidentiality-preserving, trustworthy, and performant smart contract execution","volume":"abs 1804 5141","author":"cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"key":"ref229","first-page":"88","article-title":"The blockchain and the sidechain innovations for the electronic commerce beyond the Bitcoin’s framework","volume":"6","author":"hueber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Trans Innov Syst"},{"key":"ref228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4337\/9781784717766.00019"},{"key":"ref227","author":"maxwell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bringing New Elements to Bitcoin With Sidechains"},{"key":"ref226","author":"lerner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drivechains Sidechains and Hybrid 2-Way Peg Designs"},{"key":"ref225","first-page":"1317","article-title":"teEther: Gnawing at Ethereum to automatically exploit smart contracts","author":"krupp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc 27th USENIX Conf Secur Symp"},{"key":"ref224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2976749.2978362"},{"key":"ref223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2976749.2978326"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/Cybermatics_2018.2018.00189"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/RMJ-12-2015-0042"},{"key":"ref125","year":"2014","journal-title":"Passwordless Authentication Using Bitcoin Cryptography"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-016-1870-0"},{"key":"ref129","article-title":"From blockchain consensus back to Byzantine consensus","author":"gramoli","year":"0","journal-title":"Future Gener Comput Syst"},{"key":"ref128","article-title":"An overview of blockchain and consensus protocols for IoT networks","volume":"abs 1809 5613","author":"salimitari","year":"2018","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2896108"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3149.214121"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2011.389"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.1979.1675439"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/78969.78972"},{"key":"ref232","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blockchain 4 0 Is Coming and Seele Is Leading It"},{"key":"ref233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCS.2018.00134"},{"key":"ref230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-802117-0.00022-9"},{"key":"ref231","article-title":"Strong federations: An interoperable blockchain solution to centralized third party risks","volume":"abs 1612 5491","author":"dilley","year":"2016","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"key":"ref239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40854-016-0049-2"},{"key":"ref238","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iroha"},{"key":"ref235","author":"buterin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ethereum A next-generation smart contract and decentralized application platform"},{"key":"ref234","year":"2018","journal-title":"DASH"},{"key":"ref237","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sawtooth"},{"key":"ref236","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fabrication"},{"key":"ref136","first-page":"305","article-title":"In search of an understandable consensus algorithm","author":"ongaro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc USENIX Annu Tech Conf"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/279227.279229"},{"key":"ref138","article-title":"An analysis of attacks on blockchain consensus","volume":"abs 1610 7985","author":"bissias","year":"2016","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"key":"ref137","first-page":"173","article-title":"Practical Byzantine fault tolerance","volume":"99","author":"castro","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc OSDI"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2976749.2978341"},{"key":"ref140","article-title":"Analysis of hashrate-based double spending","volume":"abs 1402 2009","author":"rosenfeld","year":"2014","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"key":"ref141","first-page":"643","article-title":"Analysis of the blockchain protocol in asynchronous networks","author":"pass","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Annu Int Conf Theory Appl Cryptographic Techn"},{"key":"ref142","first-page":"281","article-title":"The Bitcoin backbone protocol: Analysis and applications","author":"garay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Annu Int Conf Theory Appl Cryptograph Techn"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-47854-7_32","article-title":"Secure high-rate transaction processing in Bitcoin","author":"sompolinsky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Financial Cryptography and Data Security"},{"key":"ref2","author":"nakamoto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bitcoin A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System"},{"key":"ref144","article-title":"Bitcoin’s security model revisited","volume":"abs 1605 9193","author":"sompolinsky","year":"2016","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.IR.8202"},{"key":"ref145","first-page":"545","article-title":"On trees, chains and fast transactions in the blockchain","volume":"2016","author":"kiayias","year":"2016","journal-title":"IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive"},{"key":"ref241","article-title":"Runtime verification for business processes utilizing the bitcoin blockchain","volume":"abs 1706 4404","author":"prybila","year":"2017","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"key":"ref242","first-page":"130","article-title":"Optimized execution of business processes on blockchain","author":"garc\u00eda-ba\u00f1uelos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Bus Process Manag"},{"key":"ref243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40854-016-0034-9"},{"key":"ref244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/fi9030025"},{"key":"ref240","article-title":"Blockchains for business process management—Challenges and opportunities","volume":"abs 1704 3610","author":"mendling","year":"2017","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"key":"ref248","author":"keyser","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blockchain A Primer for Governments"},{"key":"ref247","first-page":"33","article-title":"Measuring the longitudinal evolution of the online anonymous marketplace ecosystem","author":"soska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Usenix Security Symp"},{"key":"ref246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2488388.2488408"},{"key":"ref245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rof\/rfw074"},{"key":"ref249","first-page":"253","article-title":"Beyond Bitcoin enabling smart government using blockchain technology","author":"\u00f8lnes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Electron Govt Inf Syst Perspective"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5195\/LEDGER.2016.34"},{"key":"ref108","article-title":"Improving obfuscation in the CryptoNote protocol","author":"mackenzie","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Res Bull"},{"key":"ref107","article-title":"Monero is not that mysterious","author":"noether","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Res Bull"},{"key":"ref106","article-title":"Counterfeiting via merkle tree exploits within virtual currencies employing the CryptoNote protocol","author":"macheta","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Res Bull"},{"key":"ref105","article-title":"A note on chain reactions in traceability in CryptoNote 2.0","author":"noether","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Res Bull"},{"key":"ref104","first-page":"153","article-title":"A traceability analysis of Monero’s blockchain","author":"kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Eur Symp Res Comput Security"},{"key":"ref103","author":"saberhagen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crypto Note v 2 0"},{"key":"ref102","first-page":"324","article-title":"Universal electronic cash","author":"okamoto","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc Annu Int Cryptol Conf"},{"key":"ref111","author":"mrl","year":"0","journal-title":"Ring CT For Monero"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2016.1187643"},{"key":"ref110","first-page":"325","article-title":"Linkable spontaneous anonymous group signature for ad hoc groups","author":"liu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Australian Conf Inf Security Privacy"},{"key":"ref250","article-title":"Blockchain technology and decentralized governance: Is the state still necessary?","author":"atzori","year":"2015","journal-title":"SSRN"},{"key":"ref251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2017.09.007","article-title":"Blockchain in government: Benefits and implications of distributed ledger technology for information sharing","volume":"34","author":"\u00f8lnes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Govt Inf Quart"},{"key":"ref254","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2740569"},{"key":"ref255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCC.2018.1081060"},{"key":"ref252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCC-SmartCity-DSS.2016.0198"},{"key":"ref253","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2017.12.005"},{"key":"ref257","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HealthCom.2016.7749510"},{"key":"ref256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocx068"},{"key":"ref259","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4842-3081-7_9"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-70278-0_31","article-title":"An empirical analysis of smart contracts: Platforms, applications, and design patterns","author":"bartoletti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Financial Cryptography and Data Security"},{"key":"ref258","first-page":"254","article-title":"Medical record system using blockchain, big data and tokenization","author":"liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Inf Commun Security"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"16","article-title":"A blockchain-based architecture for collaborative DDoS mitigation with smart contracts","author":"rodrigues","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc IFIP Int Conf Auton Infrastruct Manag Security"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2991561.2998465"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-70972-7_20","article-title":"A smart contract for boardroom voting with maximum voter privacy","author":"mccorry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Financial Cryptography and Data Security"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2016.55"},{"key":"ref15","author":"back","year":"2014","journal-title":"Enabling blockchain innovations with pegged sidechains"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"106","article-title":"On scaling decentralized blockchains","author":"croman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Financial Cryptography and Data Security"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EuroSP.2016.32"},{"key":"ref17","year":"2018","journal-title":"List of cryptocurrencies"},{"key":"ref117","first-page":"129","article-title":"Eclipse attacks on Bitcoin’s peer-to-peer network","author":"heilman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Usenix Security Symp"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OBD.2016.11"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15623\/ijret.2016.0509001","article-title":"Blockchain ready manufacturing supply chain using distributed ledger","volume":"5","author":"abeyratne","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Res Eng Technol"},{"key":"ref119","first-page":"1","article-title":"Case study of the miner botnet","author":"plohmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc IEEE 4th Int Conf Cyber Conflict (CYCON)"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40854-016-0046-5"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2976749.2989059"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2006.231"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1570-8705(03)00008-8"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-44774-1_5","article-title":"Empirical analysis of denial-of-service attacks in the Bitcoin ecosystem","author":"vasek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Financial Cryptography and Data Security"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-44774-1_6","article-title":"Game-theoretic analysis of DDoS attacks against Bitcoin mining pools","author":"johnson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Financial Cryptography and Data Security"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-48051-9_5","article-title":"When Bitcoin mining pools run dry","author":"laszka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Financial Cryptography and Data Security"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2016.1600113NM"},{"key":"ref260","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-016-0574-6"},{"key":"ref261","first-page":"1","article-title":"A blockchain-based approach to health information exchange networks","volume":"1","author":"peterson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc NIST Workshop Blockchain Healthcare"},{"key":"ref262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCS.2017.61"},{"key":"ref263","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2566339"},{"key":"ref264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2018.05.046"},{"key":"ref265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/ICACT.2017.7890132"},{"key":"ref266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MITP.2017.3051335"}],"container-title":["IEEE Internet of Things Journal"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6488907\/8863548\/08735815.pdf?arnumber=8735815","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,17]],"date-time":"2023-09-17T11:34:26Z","timestamp":1694950466000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8735815\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"references-count":351,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/jiot.2019.2922538","relation":{},"ISSN":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2327-4662","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2372-2541","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]}}}