{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T12:49:42Z","timestamp":1778676582554,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-009"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-001"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Internet Things J."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/jiot.2020.3024180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,17]],"date-time":"2020-09-17T16:24:25Z","timestamp":1600359865000},"page":"15796-15806","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["A First Look at Privacy Analysis of COVID-19 Contact-Tracing Mobile Applications"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1707-018X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Ajmal","family":"Azad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cyber Security Research Group, College of Engineering and Technology, University of Derby, Derby, U.K."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0424-9498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junaid","family":"Arshad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Digital Technology, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, U.K."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Syed Muhammad Ali","family":"Akmal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Security, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8669-7165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farhan","family":"Riaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Software Engineering, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2079-8008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sidrah","family":"Abdullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Security, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6946-2591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Imran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1988-0971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farhan","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cyber Security Research Group, College of Engineering and Technology, University of Derby, Derby, U.K."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","author":"cho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Contact tracing mobile apps for COVID-19 privacy considerations and related trade-offs"},{"key":"ref38","year":"2017","journal-title":"Contact Tracing in the Real World"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1653662.1653691"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1866307.1866317"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29012\/jpc.v5i2.630"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2987443.2987471"},{"key":"ref37","year":"2017","journal-title":"Joint Statement on Contact Tracing Date 19th April 2020"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/18936"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025556"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2187836.2187879"},{"key":"ref60","year":"2020","journal-title":"COVID-19 in US and Canada"},{"key":"ref62","year":"2020","journal-title":"COVID19&#x2014;DXB Smart App"},{"key":"ref61","year":"2020","journal-title":"COVID-19"},{"key":"ref63","year":"2020","journal-title":"Covi"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3355369.3355584"},{"key":"ref64","year":"2020","journal-title":"Corona360"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-15087-1_6"},{"key":"ref65","year":"2020","journal-title":"CoronaCheck"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NCA.2017.8171376"},{"key":"ref2","year":"2017","journal-title":"Test Trace Contain How South Korea Flattened Its Coronavirus Curve"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb6936"},{"key":"ref20","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mobile Privacy Principles Promoting Consumer Privacy in the Mobile Ecosystem"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"7","article-title":"The effectiveness of application permissions","author":"felt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc 2nd USENIX Conf Web Appl Develop"},{"key":"ref21","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mobile Privacy Disclosures Building Trust Through Transparency A Federal Trade Commission Staff Report"},{"key":"ref24","year":"2017","journal-title":"Researchers Spot Thousands of Android Apps Leaking User Data Through Misconfigured Firebase Databases"},{"key":"ref23","year":"2017","journal-title":"Many Popular Android Apps Leak Sensitive Data Leaving Millions Of Consumers At Risk"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2019.00009"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1592665.1592668"},{"key":"ref50","author":"christophe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Digital Contact Tracing Comparing the Capabilities of Centralised and Decentralised Data Architectures to Effectively Suppress the COVID-19 Epidemic Whilst Maximising Freedom of Movement and Maintaining"},{"key":"ref51","year":"2020","journal-title":"Privacy Preserving Contact Tracing"},{"key":"ref59","year":"2020","journal-title":"Application Developed to Deal With Corona Virus"},{"key":"ref58","year":"2020","journal-title":"Healthlynked"},{"key":"ref57","year":"2020","journal-title":"Healthlynked Corp &#x2019;s COVID-19 Tracker No 1 Most Downloaded App in Apple Medical Store for March"},{"key":"ref56","year":"2020","journal-title":"COVID-19 Screening Tool"},{"key":"ref55","year":"2020","journal-title":"Apple Releases New COVID-19 App and Website Based on CDC Guidance"},{"key":"ref54","author":"leprince-ringuet","year":"2020","journal-title":"The World&#x2019;s First Contact-Tracing App Using Google and Apple&#x2019;s API Goes Live"},{"key":"ref53","author":"scudellari","year":"2020","journal-title":"COVID-19 Digital Contact Tracing Apple and Google Work Together as Mit Tests Validity"},{"key":"ref52","year":"2020","journal-title":"Apple and Google Partner on COVID-19 Contact Tracing Technology"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"393","article-title":"TaintDroid: An information-flow tracking system for realtime privacy monitoring on smartphones","author":"enck","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc 9th USENIX Conf Oper Syst Design Implement"},{"key":"ref40","author":"shukla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Privacy guidelines for contact tracing applications"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3307334.3326072"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2018.8422886"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4354-z"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3092305.3092310"},{"key":"ref15","author":"reddy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mobile application for dengue fever monitoring and tracking via GPS Case study for Fiji"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2820783.2820880"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2012.06.003"},{"key":"ref18","author":"hekmati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Contain Privacy-Oriented Contact Tracing Protocols for Epidemics"},{"key":"ref19","year":"2017","journal-title":"General data protection regulation Gdpr"},{"key":"ref4","author":"troncoso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Decentralized privacy-preserving proximity tracing"},{"key":"ref3","year":"2017","journal-title":"How Digital Contact Tracing Slowed COVID-19 in East Asia"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2008.33"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2009.22"},{"key":"ref8","year":"2020","journal-title":"Coronavirus NHs Contact Tracing App Needs 60% Take-Up to Be Successful Expert Warns"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2665943.2665960"},{"key":"ref49","author":"zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Americans&#x2019; Perceptions of Privacy and Surveillance in the COVID-19 Pandemic"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2382196.2382222"},{"key":"ref46","year":"2017","journal-title":"Preliminary Criteria for the Evaluation of Digital Contact Tracing Tools for COVID-19"},{"key":"ref45","author":"gvili","year":"2020","journal-title":"Security analysis of the covid-19 contact tracing specifications by apple inc and google inc"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10729-007-9027-6"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9745\/GHSP-D-15-00207"},{"key":"ref42","year":"2017","journal-title":"Privacy & Pandemics The Role of Mobile Apps (Chart)"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2020-106314"},{"key":"ref44","author":"sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vetting Security And Privacy Of Global COVID-19 Contact Tracing Applications"},{"key":"ref43","author":"vaudenay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Analysis of dp3t"}],"container-title":["IEEE Internet of Things Journal"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6488907\/9585129\/09199262.pdf?arnumber=9199262","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T06:01:56Z","timestamp":1769493716000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9199262\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/jiot.2020.3024180","relation":{},"ISSN":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2327-4662","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2372-2541","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]}}}