{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T03:49:39Z","timestamp":1784951379388,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014188","name":"Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT), South Korea, under the Information Technology Research Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014188","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010418","name":"Institute for Information and Communication Technology Promotion","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IITP-2022-2021-0-01816"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IITP-2022-2021-0-01816"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010418","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Internet Things J."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/jiot.2022.3191881","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]],"date-time":"2022-07-18T16:41:26Z","timestamp":1658162486000},"page":"3686-3705","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":120,"title":["Fusion of IoT, AI, Edge\u2013Fog\u2013Cloud, and Blockchain: Challenges, Solutions, and a Case Study in Healthcare and Medicine"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8359-4304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farshad","family":"Firouzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6979-3334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiyi","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4475-6435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krishnendu","family":"Chakrabarty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7016-6853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bahar","family":"Farahani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cyberspace Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6116-2156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Daneshmand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Business Intelligence and Analytics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2157-9651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaeseung","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer and Information Security Department, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6423-0823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kunal","family":"Mankodiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.is.2021.101840"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2020.102936"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-30367-9_1"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbloc.2020.522600"},{"key":"ref5","volume-title":"Internet of Things\u2014Number of Connected Devices Worldwide 2015\u20132025","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref6","volume-title":"oneM2M System Enhancement to Support Privacy Data Protection Regulations (eDPR)","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-30367-9_4"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3022699"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2019.02.009"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2018.04.057"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2866491"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmcj.2018.12.007"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCC.2018.8390464"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3391196"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2018.2801227"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2015.09.021"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCC.2017.29"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2016.7721750"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref19","first-page":"121","article-title":"Smart items, fog and cloud computing as enablers of servitization in healthcare","volume":"185","author":"Stantchev","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Transducers"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-30367-9_5"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.011.2000009"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-18732-3_1"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3027971"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21144676"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2020.106889"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/machines9090191"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref27","first-page":"1","article-title":"Convergence of AI, IoT, big data and blockchain: A review","volume":"1","author":"Rabah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lake Inst. J."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.04.036"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2020.07.006"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2018.2825478"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-30367-9_8"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2886932"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2920987"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2925825"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2019.01.006"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.001.1900095"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-30367-9"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-32001-4_57-1"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-018-0993-7"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2730843"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PIMRC.2017.8292361"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/info8020044"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2851611"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3140649.3140656"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app10020488"},{"key":"ref46","volume-title":"GAIA-X","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref47","volume-title":"International Data Space","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2016.2579198"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-02083-5"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COINS51742.2021.9524098"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2818869.2818898"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PERCOMW.2016.7457059"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2933267.2933317"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-016-3845-0"},{"key":"ref55","volume-title":"OpenFog Reference Architecture for Fog Computing, Architecture Working Group","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2019.04.050"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2929552"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICFC.2019.00030"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5220\/0006676100680077"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2017.7997387"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2019.8737385"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3074962"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCS.2018.00044"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/INM.2017.7987464"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COINS49042.2020.9191379"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2019.106980"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCS.2018.00159"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC.2019.8885745"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2019.2928811"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2020.3036871"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2020.2970550"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2938660"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13677-021-00243-9"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21155033"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11036-022-01937-3"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iot.2020.100227"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43926-020-00001-4"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCSPA49915.2021.9385711"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-020-04772-3"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3406115"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3018170"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2924045"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2019.2918951"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2016.7900006"},{"key":"ref85","article-title":"Adaptive personalized federated learning","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv:2003.13461"},{"key":"ref86","article-title":"Inference attacks against collaborative learning","author":"Melis","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv:1805.04049"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2810103.2813687"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-020-00323-1"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3298981"},{"key":"ref90","article-title":"Towards federated learning at scale: System design","author":"Bonawitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv:1902.01046"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2020.2975749"},{"key":"ref92","article-title":"Federated learning: Strategies for improving communication efficiency","author":"Kone\u010dny","year":"2016","journal-title":"arXiv:1610.05492"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-63076-8_9"},{"key":"ref94","article-title":"BrainTorrent: A peer-to-peer environment for decentralized federated learning","author":"Roy","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv:1905.06731"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2020.10.007"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9030440"},{"key":"ref97","article-title":"HeteroFL: Computation and communication efficient federated learning for heterogeneous clients","author":"Diao","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv:2010.01264"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-021-10563-2"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3214303"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJACT.2008.017048"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2017.2787987"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.02.006"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SFCS.1982.38"},{"key":"ref104","volume-title":"Secure Multi-Party Computation","author":"Goldreich","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1455770.1455804"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/359168.359176"},{"key":"ref107","article-title":"Local differential privacy and its applications: A comprehensive survey","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv:2008.03686"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1835804.1835868"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2976749.2978318"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-79228-4_1"},{"key":"ref111","article-title":"Differential privacy and machine learning: A survey and review","author":"Ji","year":"2014","journal-title":"arXiv:1412.7584"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSEC.2018.2888775"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8829523"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2971648.2971753"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2909559"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2944748"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ALLERTON.2014.7028550"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3359982"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su11247054"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2019.2948287"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3122015"},{"key":"ref122","article-title":"Personal mental health navigator: Harnessing the power of data, personal models, and health cybernetics to promote psychological well-being","author":"Rahmani","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv:2012.09131"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3242969.3242985"},{"key":"ref124","volume-title":"UC Irvine Machine Learning Repository","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000119004"},{"key":"ref126","first-page":"1273","article-title":"Communication-efficient learning of deep networks from decentralized data","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Artif. Intell. Stat.","author":"McMahan"},{"key":"ref127","volume-title":"TestMy.net Internet Speed Test","year":"2021"}],"container-title":["IEEE Internet of Things Journal"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6488907\/10049212\/09832421.pdf?arnumber=9832421","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T01:52:39Z","timestamp":1706752359000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9832421\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"references-count":127,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/jiot.2022.3191881","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.36227\/techrxiv.20369043.v1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.36227\/techrxiv.20369043","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2327-4662","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2372-2541","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]}}}