{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T17:50:58Z","timestamp":1772905858603,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711929600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711929600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007085","name":"Independent Research Project of National University of Defense Technology of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007085","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Scientific Research Innovation Project of Hunan Province","award":["CX20220032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CX20220032"]}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Scientific Research Innovation Project of Hunan Province","award":["CX20220014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CX20220014"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Internet Things J."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/jiot.2023.3332743","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]],"date-time":"2023-11-15T19:05:44Z","timestamp":1700075144000},"page":"11930-11944","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["CLIPC: Contrastive-Learning-Based Radar Signal Intrapulse Clustering"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2931-5925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zilong","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weinan","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Informatics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2745-4681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daping","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9278-7060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jifei","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2002.801387","article-title":"A vector neural network for emitter identification","volume":"50","author":"Shieh","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2017.2667142","article-title":"Automatic intrapulse modulation classification of advanced LPI radar waveforms","volume":"53","author":"Kishore","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"issue":"12","key":"ref3","first-page":"2062","article-title":"Radar emitter recognition based on SIFT position and scale features","volume":"65","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II, Exp. Briefs"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1007\/s11760-021-01901-w","article-title":"Machine learning-based radar waveform classification for cognitive EW","volume":"15","author":"Orduyilmaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal, Image Video Process."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tim.2022.3204100"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2003.820450","article-title":"Classification of audio radar signals using radial basis function neural networks","volume":"52","author":"McConaghy","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3335","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2020.2988558","article-title":"A new method for specific emitter identification with results on real radar measurements","volume":"15","author":"Gok","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Security"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeue.2022.154316","article-title":"Contrastive time-frequency learning for radar signal sorting","volume":"154","author":"Mi","year":"2022","journal-title":"AEU - Int. J. Electron. Commun."},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"6648","article-title":"A novel approach for automatic recognition of LPI radar waveforms based on CNN and attention mechanisms","volume-title":"Proc. 41st Chin. Control Conf. (CCC)","author":"Tang"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"178","article-title":"Radio modulation classification using STFT spectrogram and CNN","volume-title":"Proc. 7th Int. Conf. Comput. Commun. (ICCC)","author":"Wu"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13634-021-00821-8","article-title":"Radar signal recognition based on triplet convolutional neural network","volume":"2021","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43874","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2864347","article-title":"Radar signal intra-pulse modulation recognition based on convolutional neural network","volume":"6","author":"Qu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112339","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2935247","article-title":"Radar signal intra-pulse modulation recognition based on convolutional denoising Autoencoder and deep convolutional neural network","volume":"7","author":"Qu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49125","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2980363","article-title":"Radar signal intra-pulse modulation recognition based on convolutional neural network and deep Q-learning network","volume":"8","author":"Qu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48515","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2978875","article-title":"Radar signal modulation recognition based on deep joint learning","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"3733","article-title":"Unsupervised feature learning via non-parametric instance discrimination","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE\/CVF Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit.","author":"Wu"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"6203","article-title":"Unsupervised embedding learning via invariant and spreading instance feature","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE\/CVF Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. (CVPR)","author":"Ye"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"9726","article-title":"Momentum contrast for unsupervised visual representation learning","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE\/CVF Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. (CVPR)","author":"He"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"A simple framework for contrastive learning of visual representations","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv:2002.05709"},{"key":"ref20","article-title":"Improved baselines with momentum contrastive learning","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv:2003.04297"},{"key":"ref21","article-title":"Big self-supervised models are strong semi-supervised learners","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv:2006.10029"},{"key":"ref22","article-title":"Unsupervised learning of visual features by contrasting cluster assignments","author":"Caron","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv:2006.09882"},{"key":"ref23","article-title":"Bootstrap your own latent: A new approach to self-supervised learning","author":"Grill","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv:2006.07733"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"15745","article-title":"Exploring simple siamese representation learning","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE\/CVF Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. (CVPR)","author":"Chen"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"9620","article-title":"An empirical study of training self-supervised vision transformers","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE\/CVF Int. Conf. Comput. Vis. (ICCV)","author":"Chen"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"9630","article-title":"Emerging properties in self-supervised vision transformers","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE\/CVF Int. Conf. Comput. Vis. (ICCV)","author":"Caron"},{"key":"ref27","article-title":"DINO: DETR with improved DeNoising anchor boxes for end-to-end object detection","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"arXiv:2203.03605"},{"issue":"22","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5728","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14225728","article-title":"Radar intra-pulse signal modulation classification with contrastive learning","volume":"14","author":"Cai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Remote. Sens."},{"issue":"7","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.3390\/e24070851","article-title":"A complex-valued self-supervised learning-based method for specific emitter identification","volume":"24","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"issue":"18","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2907","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11182907","article-title":"Specific emitter identification based on self-supervised contrast learning","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3390\/app13010091","article-title":"OFDM emitter identification method based on data augmentation and contrastive learning","volume":"13","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2023.3241592","article-title":"Cross-receiver radio frequency fingerprint identification based on contrastive learning and Subdomain adaptation","volume":"30","author":"Zha","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Lett."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2023.3264908","article-title":"A transformer-based contrastive semi-supervised learning framework for automatic modulation recognition","volume":"9","author":"Kong","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cogn. Commun. Netw."},{"issue":"21","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3485","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11213485","article-title":"Specific emitter identification model based on improved BYOL self-supervised learning","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.3390\/drones7050312","article-title":"IRelNet: An improved relation network for few-shot radar emitter identification","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drones"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"1027","article-title":"k-means++: The advantages of careful seeding","volume-title":"Proc. ACM-SIAM Symp. Discrete Algorithms","author":"Arthur"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01908075","article-title":"Comparing partitions","volume":"2","author":"Hubert","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Classification"},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"1","article-title":"Stochastic neighbor embedding","volume-title":"Proc. NIPS","author":"Hinton"},{"key":"ref39","first-page":"2579","article-title":"Visualizing data using t-SNE","volume":"9","author":"van der Maaten","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"issue":"93","key":"ref40","first-page":"3221","article-title":"Accelerating t-SNE using tree-based algorithms","volume":"15","author":"van der Maaten","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"issue":"16","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6811","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2910810","article-title":"u-DeepHand: FMCW radar-based unsupervised hand gesture feature learning using deep convolutional auto-encoder network","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Sensors J."},{"issue":"7","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2015.2436375","article-title":"Multiscale two-directional two-dimensional principal component analysis and its application to high-dimensional biomedical signal classification","volume":"63","author":"Xie","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref43","first-page":"4643","article-title":"Epileptic seizures prediction based on unsupervised learning for feature extraction","volume-title":"Proc. ICC - IEEE Int. Conf. Commun.","author":"Wang"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7910","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2022.3171349","article-title":"RffAe-S: Autoencoder based on random fourier feature with separable loss for unsupervised signal modulation clustering","volume":"18","author":"Bai","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Informat."}],"container-title":["IEEE Internet of Things Journal"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6488907\/10479190\/10318202.pdf?arnumber=10318202","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]],"date-time":"2024-03-28T20:16:54Z","timestamp":1711657014000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/10318202\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/jiot.2023.3332743","relation":{},"ISSN":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2327-4662","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2372-2541","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]]}}}